Scientific ID
text
article
2019
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Scientific ID- Vol.32, No 1, Ser. No. 122, Spring 2019
Watershed Management Research Journal
Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center
2981-2313
32
v.
1
no.
2019
1
1
https://wmrj.areeo.ac.ir/article_120425_eb4cc0c93114bd77db816f06d51cf7fa.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/wmej.2019.120425
Editor-in-Chief's Note
Seyed Ahangh
Kowsar
Emeritus Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran
author
text
article
2019
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The catastrophic flooding of Shiraz on 25 March 2019 downstream of the Qurân Gate, which resulted in the mournful death of 22 and untold financial damages, and also numerous deluges later in many Iranian provinces with upwards of 73 deaths due to drowning or collapse of residences, urges the decision-makers to consider every single stretch of land as a catchment and plan the infrastructures on it accordingly. This task requires planning from the perspective of seasoned watershed managers. Sustainable management of marginal drylands, which form some 90% of the present day Iranian Plateau, should be the most important objective of urban and rural developers if the safety and security of their occupants are expected. The utmost objective of watershed management in the 1960s was soil conservation upstream of the large dams constructed with the technical know-how of international experts. This was done to elongate the economic life of the dams and their appurtenances. It is fortunate that the new crop of watershed mangers is intent on taking an integrated approach toward solving problems. They, therefor, contemplates technical practicability, environmental soundness, financial feasibility and social acceptability in planning watershed rehabilitation by being up-to-date on the latest proven results published in scientific journals. Obviously, a paradigm shift in watershed management strategies seems necessary in the context of climate change, particularly with respect to unprecedented droughts and downpours. The question is: How to plan?There are two schools of thought about how to mitigate flood damage. The commonly practiced engineering approach is to dam or channelize the flood. As the first alternative is very expensive and time consuming, safe water-conveyance systems are designed and constructed to get rid of the flood and decrease its damage and casualties. The watershed management approach is how to conserve soil and water by keeping as much of the runoff as possible on land encouraging vegetative cover establishment as well as the artificial recharge of groundwater if suitable areas are accessible. This alternative turns a challenge into an opportunity, particularly in a country facing a water crisis. Fortunately, this has been brought to the attention of a group of experts appointed by the Society of Legal Experts of the Province of Fars, which had been commissioned by the Islamic Body of Consultation of the City of Shiraz:"Of the most importance and of utmost efficiency for flood-damage mitigation implemented by the Shiraz Municipality on the Qurân Watershed through bygone years is tree planting [on level terraces], especially on its eastern flank, and installation of 10 masonry check dams on one of the eastern sub-catchments that contributes runoff to the primary waterway. These have effectively controlled the runoff from that [particular] expanse."(Stamped by the seal of the Society of Legal Experts of the Province of Fars)''. Filling up a ravine that safely conducted the Qurân Gate floods to the vineyards of Sail Abad (Flood Ville in Farsi) and recharged its aquifers in order to widen the previously narrow highway resulted in a disaster unbecoming of Shiraz. It is ironic that our beloved poet Saádi (1209-1295) had warned us centuries in advance:"Oh you, who have built a house on a floodway; the riverbed does not make a competent foundation".And more to the point, "To rule the nature, you have to obey it". William Blake (1752-1827).We do hope that our civil engineers have learned a hard lesson, and the colleges of engineering will include appropriate courses on watershed/aquifer management practices in their curricula. Seyed Ahangh Kowsar
Watershed Management Research Journal
Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center
2981-2313
32
v.
1
no.
2019
2
2
https://wmrj.areeo.ac.ir/article_119399_3adc3822316504f4b5c0bc6c6a23b14f.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/wmej.2019.119399
Identifying and Quantifying the Terrestrial Sediment Source Contributions to Coastal Dunes for Targeting Wind Erosion Mitigation in Jagin watershed, Hormozgan Province, Iran
Ebrahim
Jafari Takhtinajad
Ph.D., Student, Department of Natural Resources Engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
author
Hamid
Gholami
Assistant Professor, Department of Natural Resources Engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
author
Adrian
Collins
Full Professor, Department of Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20, 2SB, U.K.
author
Abolhassan
Fathabadi
Assistant Professor, Department of Range and Watershed Management, University of Gonbad-e-Kavoos, Gonbad-e-Kavoos,
Golestan, Iran
author
text
article
2019
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A sediment fingerprinting method was applied to identify and quantify terrestrial sediment source contributions to coastal sand dunes at the outlet of the Jagin watershed, east of Jask, the Province of Hormozgan. Sampling comprised of 20 sediment samples from coastal sands and 62 samples from potential upstream terrestrial sources. Concentration of 49 geochemical elements in the sediment and source samples were measured using the ICP-OES technique. A three-stage statistical procedure was used to identify final composite fingerprints for source discrimination, and this comprised of a range test for tracer conservation, the Kruskal-Wallis H-test for confirming the discriminatory efficacy of the individual properties and the stepwise discriminant function analysis (DFA) for selecting a tracer shortlist (i.e., composite signature). The final composite fingerprint selected by the stepwise DFA comprised of Cu, Th, Be, Al, La, Mg and Fe. Using this signature, the overall average mean relative contributions from the Quaternary, Oligocene-Miocene, Miocene and Paleocene geological units were estimated at 5%, 5%, 10% and 80%, respectively. The Paleocene geological unit was identified as the dominant spatial source for 16 of the 20 sediment samples. Therefore, wind erosion control for the benefit of coastal deserts, and especially the Makran region, needs to target upstream watersheds with the Paleocene outcrops. Overall, Paleocene age deposits (including multi-ophiolite sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and minor conglomerate) was recognized as the main source for 16 sediment samples. Therefore, for controling water erosion in upstream and mitigating effects of wind erosion in downstream, management activities must focus on this source.
Watershed Management Research Journal
Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center
2981-2313
32
v.
1
no.
2019
3
18
https://wmrj.areeo.ac.ir/article_119400_147fafea43cfd78f6f328fbd87385940.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/wmej.2019.123109.1142
Chemical and Physical Properties of Water in Salman-Farsi Reservoir, Fars Province
Mehrdad
Zamanpoore
Assistant Professor of hydrobiology, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Shiraz, Iran
author
Mohammadhosein
Ebrahimi
Masters in Fisheries, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Shiraz, Iran
author
Nargeskhatoon
Ahmadi
Masters in Chemistry, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Shiraz, Iran
author
Ladan
Jowkar
Research assistant, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Shiraz, Iran
author
Zohreh
Mokhayer
Assistant Professor, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Institute, Tehran, Iran
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2019
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It is essential for the proper management of lakes to know physical and chemical factors in their different parts and in different times of the year. This project aims to investigate basic limnology of physical and chemical factors in Salman-Farsi Reservoir, Ghir County, the Province of Fars. Seasonal samplings were carried out in 2007 in 27 stations. Analysis of variance was used to compare seasonal variations of the studied factors. The annual means of the studied items were as following: water temperature (22.6° C), dissolved oxygen (8.2 ppm), carbon dioxide (0.9 ppm), pH (7.8), transparency (352 cm), electrical conductivity (874 µS/cm), total dissolved solids (570 ppm), total hardness (630 ppm), nitrite ion (0.02 ppm), nitrate ion (0.8 ppm), ammonia (0.04 ppm), phosphate ion (0.4 ppm), biochemical oxygen demand (3.8 ppm), and chemical oxygen demand (19.3 ppm). Comparison of the results with the drinking water standards showed that the lake water is suitable regarding pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate concentrations, but its total hardness was slightly higher than the permitted values. Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, carbon dioxide, nitrite, nitrate, concentrations as well as biochemical oxygen demand showed acceptable levels all over the lake as compared with water quality standards for warm-water aquaculture. Chemical oxygen demand measures were at proper levels in the lacustrine and transitional sections, but slightly higher than this level in the riverine areas. Ammonia levels were appropriate in the lacustrine but moderately higher in the riverine and transitional sections. Transparency, total hardness, and phosphate ion concentration were much higher than the standard levels of warm-water aquaculture.
Watershed Management Research Journal
Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center
2981-2313
32
v.
1
no.
2019
19
30
https://wmrj.areeo.ac.ir/article_119401_32c373edba596be02296033ff68b0cde.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/wmej.2019.123527.1154
The Environmental Value of Stored Carbon in the Soil of Floodwater Spreading Fields of Gareh-Bygon Plain, Fasa, Iran
Mohammad Javad
Rousta
Associate Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran
author
Kowkab
Enayati
M.Sc., Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran
author
Seyed Masoud
Soleimanpour
Assistant professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran
author
Seyed Hamid
Mesbah
Research Educator, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran
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text
article
2019
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Carbon sequestration (CS) in soils is a phenomenon consistent with the principles of sustainable development. Further, it is a vital solution for reducing the atmospheric CO2 and other GHGs. To identify the role of spate irrigation (SI) of afforested plots and rangeland in CS, 36 soil samples were collected from the 0–30 cm top soil in different spate-irrigated and control treatments in November 2017. Organic carbon (OC) was measured by the standard laboratory procedures, and then converted to the sequestered soil carbon (SOC). The data were analyzed using the randomized complete block design benefitting from the SAS software. The means were compared with the Duncan test at P2; this amounts to 4.6 tons of CO2 per year on average.The total income from the carbon rent of the dense Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. aforested plots at the Kowsar Station is $32381.00 per hectare with an annual mean of $925.17 per hectare.
Watershed Management Research Journal
Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center
2981-2313
32
v.
1
no.
2019
31
41
https://wmrj.areeo.ac.ir/article_119406_c9e4ac653aebbad96d2a8ee900142504.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/wmej.2018.122551.1129
Evaluation of Malekan Plain Aquifer Hydraulic Parameters Using Electrical Resistivity
Farahnaz
Azizi
Ph.D. of Hydrogeology, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
author
Asghar
Asghari Moghaddam
Professors of Hydrogeology, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
author
Amirhossein
Nazemi
Professors of Hydrogeology, Department of Irrigation & Drainage, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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2019
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Estimating aquifer hydraulic parameters is essential for the assessment and management of groundwater resources. In this paper, the hydraulic parameters of Malekan Plain Aquifer were estimated using the resistivity data. The inverse electrical resistivity model to provide the best distribution of subsurface electrical resistance, using the inverse resistivity programs has been carried out. The relative thickness of subsurface layers using the characterization of electrical resistance curves was determined. The average thicknesse of, the alluvial aquifer and its porosity (ϕ) and specific yield (Sy) were estimated at 75 meters, 0.32 and 0.042, respectively. Results indicate a strong correlation between aquifer transmissivity and the transverse presence of resistance. The estimated values from both geoelectrical and pumping test methods indicate that the results of electrical resistivity tomography method are acceptable. Therefore, using suitable results may be obtained a combination of pumping test, geological studies and geophysical methods. The aquifer parameters obtained from the resistivity sounding and pumping test data may be used for an optimal management and assessment of groundwater resources.
Watershed Management Research Journal
Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center
2981-2313
32
v.
1
no.
2019
42
59
https://wmrj.areeo.ac.ir/article_119402_35fe5d535b73eae6ca03cd80c75d6c58.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/wmej.2018.123884.1167
The Role of Rainy Days in Predicting the Flow Duration Curve in Different Climates of Iran
Rahim
Kazemi
Assistant Prof., Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran
author
Foroud
Sharifi
Associate Prof., Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2019
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The Improvement and development of predictions in ungauged catchments require recognizing effective factors and understanding the interactions between different components of the catchments and hydrological response in different climatic zones. The most important factors affecting the flow duration curve (FDC) indices are precipitation and its characteristics. Since the flow duration curve represents the hydrologic response of watersheds, investigating and recognizing the effect of rainfall distribution on it can help to identify predictive factors for estimating the flow duration curve in ungauged catchments. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between the number of rainy days and the indices FDC in the different climate zones of the country. Catchments of each climatic region were separated using the climate map of the country and overlapping it with the four-level border map of the watershed, and 314 hydrometric stations with the common period (1976–2011) in six climatic zones were selected. Flow duration curve using daily stream flow data were extracted by the Hydro Office software (2015) and indices of Q2, Q5, Q10, Q15, Q20, Q50, Q75, and Q90 were selected. The average of rainy days for each catchment was calculated and the regression relations between the FDC indices and the average of the number of rainy days in different climatic regions were extracted and analyzed. The results showed that the correlation between the indices of the first part of FDC with the number of rainy days in all selected watersheds of climatic zones had a weak and unreliable relationship for prediction and estimation of FDC in the ungauged catchments. But the relationships for the end parts of FDC (Q75 and Q90), were strong. It is noteworthy that the average coefficient of determination for the low flow indices (Q75 and Q90) with the average annual rainy days in catchments of different climatic zones was approximately equal to 0.66. This indicates the importance of the parameter of the number of rainy days as the predictor of the low flow indices associated with the end part of the FDC in different climatic zones. Therefore, it is suggested that the number of rainy days should be used as a predictive parameter for estimating the indices of the end section of FDC; its use for estimating other indices is not recommended.
Watershed Management Research Journal
Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center
2981-2313
32
v.
1
no.
2019
60
72
https://wmrj.areeo.ac.ir/article_119403_323a4e8fec04e5187cb9940374304db8.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/wmej.2019.122870.1135
Site Selection for Construction of the Underground Dams in the Khorram Abad Watershed Using the Analytical Network Processes
Fereshteh
Maleki
M.Sc. Lorestan University
author
Nasser
Tahmasbipour
Assistant Professor, Lorestan University
author
Ali
Hagizade
Assistant Professor, Lorestan University
author
Hossein
Zienivad
Assistant Professor, Lorestan University
author
Behreoz
Ebrahimi
M.Sc. Loresatan Regional Water Company
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text
article
2019
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One way to achieve sustainable development in arid and semi-arid areas is to construct underground dams due to the relatively high evaporation rate from surface waters in these areas. The Khorram Abad region was selected to identify suitable sites for constructing such dams using the hierarchical analysis method. Location criteria (reservoir axis, vegetative cover, climate and water) were determined using the geo-sampling techniques. The most suitable areas to construct the underground dams and coordinates of points were identified. The points and their prioritization for construction of the underground dam were assessed using expert opinion. The layer of each criterion was calculated using a wide-ranging hierarchical analysis model in locating the underground dams and assessing the merit of each layer. The layers were coordinated using the ArcGIS software. The results indicated that the hierarchical analysis is a method that highlights the importance of appropriate standards in site selection and emphasizes the qualitative criteria, where there are numerous criteria, and neglects the quantitative criteria.
Watershed Management Research Journal
Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center
2981-2313
32
v.
1
no.
2019
73
83
https://wmrj.areeo.ac.ir/article_119404_d1ea6d3e206ca1607155e5f844d24047.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/wmej.2019.101703.1016
Effects of Land Use/Land Cover Change Scenarios on Landscape Metrics on the Talar Watershed
Mohsen
Zabihi
PhD Candidate, Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modarres University, Iran
author
Hamid Reza
Moradi
Associate Professor, Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modarres University, Iran
author
Mehdi
Gholamalifard
Assistant Professor, Department of the Environment Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
author
Abdulvahed
Khaledi Darvishan
Assistant Professor, Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modarres University, Iran
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2019
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The present study was planned to investigate and predict the landscape metrics on the Talar Watershed, the Province of Mazandaran. Land use/land cover (LULC) maps were produced using the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm for the years 1989, 2000, and 2014. The land change modeler (LCM) was applied for the prediction of LULC maps in different LULC change scenarios for 2030. Multi-layer Perceptron and the Markov chain methods were conducted for transition potential modelling and change prediction, respectively. Landscape metrics including the percentage of landscape (PLAND), the number of patches (NP), the edge density (ED), the patch density (PD), the largest patch index (LPI), the landscape shape index (LPI), the interspersion and juxtaposition index (IJI), and the perimeter-area fractal dimension (PAFRAC) were investigated and extracted using the Fragstats software in the studied years and the LULC change scenarios. Results demonstrated that the changes in the trend of PLAND, NP, ED, PD, LPI, and LSI were decreasing, and increasing in other land use systems during the considered years in forest, rangeland and another LULCs, respectively. Elevation, distance from forest, distance from rangeland areas, and the empirical likelihood of change were identified as the most important factors influencing the LULC change in the studied scenarios. Also, the average increase of NP was calculated at 43.2, 8.9, and 7.9 percent in continuing the current LULC change, deforestation, and residential area development scenarios, respectively. Prioritization of different areas that require restoration with respect to the incorrect LULC changes, and determination and implementation of the precautionary and protective measures in the areas with change prediction based on the studied LULC change scenarios, as well as considering land use planning conditions to improve the health of Talar Watershed by managers and planners are recommended.
Watershed Management Research Journal
Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center
2981-2313
32
v.
1
no.
2019
84
99
https://wmrj.areeo.ac.ir/article_119405_ab0fff8b6757f5800e6ab0949da4d251.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22092/wmej.2018.123624.1156