The Role of Surface Sealing Caused by Subsequent Rainfall in the Runoff Components at the Kojour Watershed Mazandaran

Document Type : Research

Authors

1 Former Master Student, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran

Abstract

Degradation of aggregates due to rain drop impacts leads to surface sealing formation, roughness reduction, filling of soil pores and consequently increase in the runoff rate and soil loss. Despite the effect on aggregate breakdown and formation of surface sealing, rainfall sequence is among the factors that have been less studied so far. Effect of three subsequent rainfalls and surface sealing formation were investigated on runoff and soil loss components in small experimental plots under simulated rainfalls with the intensities of 50 and 90 mm h-1 and duration of 15 min after time to runoff, in two soil types of sandy-loam and sandy-clay-loam, respectively. The results indicated that soil surface seal was formed by subsequent rainfalls in both of the studied soil textures and rainfall intensities. The rainfall sequence had the significant effect (P<0.01) on the time to runoff initiation, runoff volume and runoff termination. Based on the results of a 3D scanning, soil surface roughness decreased from 1.30 to 1.18 in sandy-loam and from 1.80 to 1.31 mm in the sandy-clay-loam soil as a result of rainfall sequence with the intensity of 50 mm h-1. However, soil surface roughness increased and became 2.37 and 1.99 mm in sandy-loam and sandy-clay-loam soils, respectively, at the rainfall intensity of 90 mm h-1. Regarding the effects of vegetation residues on the structural modification and physical protection of surface soil against raindrop impacts, it is suggested to reduce grazing and also to increase the vegetative cover in the area in order to reduce surface sealing.

Keywords

References

Agassi M, Morin J, Shainberg I. 1985. Effect of raindrop impact energy and water salinity on infiltration rates of sodic soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 49(1): 186‌‌­­-190.
Aghabeygi S, Arabkhedri M. 2018. Design and construction of portable rainfall simulator. Iranian journal of Ecohydrology. 5(1): 229-239. (In Persian)
Ahmadi A, Neyshabouri MR, Rouhipour H, Asadi H, Iranajad M. 2010. Factors and mechanisms influencing interrill erodibility at different rainfall intensities. Journal of Food. Agriculture & Environment. 8(2): 996-999.
Armenise E, Simmons RW, Ahn S, Garbout A, Doerr SH, Mooney SJ, Ritz K. 2018. Soil seal development under simulated rainfall: Structural, physical and hydrological dynamics. Journal of hydrology. 556: 211-219.
Arnaez J, Lasanta T, Ruiz-Flaño P, Ortigosa L. 2007. Factors affecting runoff and erosion under simulated rainfall in Mediterranean vineyards. Soil and Tillage Research. 93(2): 324-334.
Arsham A, Akhund Ali AM, Behnia A. 2010. Effect of soil antecedent moisture contents on runoff and sedimentation values with simulated rainfall method. Iranian Journal of Rangeland Desert Research. 16(4): 445-455. (In Persian).
Arvidsson J, Keller T. 2004. Soil precompression stress: I. A survey of Swedish arable soils. Soil and Tillage research. 77(1): 85-95.
Assouline S, Ben-Hur M. 2006. Effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on the dynamics of interrill erosion during soil surface sealing. Catena. 66(3): 211-220.
Assouline S. 2006. Modeling the relationship between soil bulk density and the hydraulic conductivity function. Vadose Zone Journal. 5(2): 697-705.
Assouline S. 2011. Soil surface sealing and crusting. In: Encyclopedia of Agrophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer. Dordrecht. 786-791.
Barthes B, Roose E. 2002. Aggregate stability as an indicator of soil susceptibility to runoff and erosion; validation at several levels. Catena. 47(2): 133-149.
Blanco H, Lal R. 2008. Principles of soil conservation and management: Springer Science+ Business Media BV. 626 p.
Bu CF, Wu SF, Yang KB. 2014. Effects of physical soil crusts on infiltration and splash erosion in three typical Chinese soils. International Journal of Sediment Research. 29(4): 491-501.
Cammeraat EL. 2004. Scale dependent thresholds in hydrological and erosion response of a semi-arid catchment in southeast Spain. Agriculture. Ecosystems & Environment. 104(2): 317-332.
Castilho S.C.D.P, Cooper M, Juhász C.E.P. 2011. Influence of crust formation under natural rain on physical attributes of soils with different textures. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo. 35(6): 1893-1905.
Castilho SCDP, Cooper M, Juhász CEP. 2011. Influence of crust formation under natural rain on physical attributes of soils with different textures. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo. 35(6): 1893-1905.
Comino JR, Iserloh T, Lassu T, Cerdà A, Keestra SD, Prosdocimi M, Sinoga JR. 2016. Quantitative comparison of initial soil erosion processes and runoff generation in Spanish and German vineyards. Science of the Total Environment. 565: 1165-1174.
DarbouxF, Davy P, Gascuel-Odoux C, Huang C. 2002. Evolution of soil surface roughness and flowpath connectivity in overland flow experiments. Catena. 46(2-3): 125-139.
Defersha MB, Melesse AM. 2012. Effect of rainfall intensity, slope and antecedent moisture content on sediment concentration and sediment enrichment ratio. Catena. 90: 47-52.
Di Prima S, Concialdi P, Lassabatere L, Angulo-Jaramillo R, Pirastru M, Cerda A, Keesstra S. 2018. Laboratory testing of Beerkan infiltration experiments for assessing the role of soil sealing on water infiltration. Catena. 167: 373-384.
Dongsheng Y, Xuezheng S, Weindorf DC. 2006. Relationships between permeability and erodibility of cultivated arisols and cambisols in Subtropical China. Soil Science Society of China. 16(3): 304-311.
Duiker SW, Flanagan DC, Lal R. 2001. Erodibility and infiltration characteristics of five major soils of southwest Spain. Catena. 45(2): 103-121.
Dunjó G, Pardini G, Gispert M. 2004. The role of land use-land cover on runoff generation and sediment yield at a microplot scale, in a small Mediterranean catchment. Journal of Arid Environments. 57(2): 239-256.
Erpul G, Canga MR. 1999. Effect of subsequent simulated rainfalls on runoff and erosion. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 23(6):659-666.
Fernández-Raga M, Fraile R, Keizer J.J, Teijeiro M.E.V, Castro A, Palencia C, Calvo A.I, Koenders J, Marques R.L.D.C. 2010. The kinetic energy of rain measured with an optical disdrometer: An application to splash erosion. Atmospheric Research. 96(2): 225-240.
Geissen V, Sánchez-Hernández R, Kampichler C, Ramos-Reyes R, Sepulveda-Lozada A, Ochoa-Goana S, Hernández-Daumas S. 2009. Effects of land-use change on some properties of tropical soils—an example from Southeast Mexico. Geoderma. 151(3): 87-97.
Gholami L, Sadeghi SHR, Homaee M. 2016. Different effects of sheep manure conditioner on runoff and soil loss components in eroded soil. Catena. 139: 99-104.
Gholami L, Sadeghi SHR, Homaei M. 2015. Effect of rice straw mulch on runoff threshold and coefficient from rainfall. Iranian Journal Water Research. 8)15(: 33-40. (In Persian).
Han Y, Fan Y, Xin Z, Wang L, Cai Q, Wan X. 2016. Effects of wetting rate and simulated rain duration on soil crust formation of red loam. Environmental Earth Science. 75(2): 149.
Hasanzadeh H, Vaezi A, Mohammadi MH. 2013. Runoff variations in plots with different soil textures under simulated similar rain events. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research. 44(3): 243-253. (In Persian).
Hawke RM, Price AG, Bryan RB. 2006. The effect of initial soil water content and rainfall intensity on near-surface soil hydrologic conductivity: a laboratory investigation. Catena. 65(3): 237-246.
Hekmat H. 2012. Optical three-dimensional measuring devices technology and its application. Manufacturing and Production Magazine. 43: 96-99.
Jahanbakhshi F, Ekhtesasi MR, Talebi A, Piri M. 2016. Investigation of permeability of three geological formations in different precipitation intensities using rainfall simulator (Case study: Shirkooh Yazd). 11th National Conference on Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering of Iran. Yasooj. Iran. 818-822. (In Persian).
Jarraud M. 2005. Climate and land degradation. World Meteorological Organization. Geneva. Switzerland. 11p.
Khaledi Darvishan A, Homayounfar V, Sadeghi SHR. 2016a. Designing, construction and calibration of a portable rainfall simulator for field runoff and soil erosion studies. Journal of Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering. 10(34): 105-112. (In Persian).
Khaledi Darvishan A, Homayounfar V, Sadeghi SHR. 2016b. The impact of standard preparation practice on the runoff and soil erosion rates under laboratory conditions. Solid Earth. 7(5): 1293-1302.
Khaledi Darvishan A, Sadeghi SHR, Homaei M, Arabkhedri M. 2014. Affectability of runoff threshold and coefficient from rainfall intensity and antecedent soil moisture content in laboratorial erosion plots. Iranian Journal of Water Research. 8(15): 41-49. (In Persian).
Kheirfam H, Sadeghi SHR, Homaee M, Zarei Darki B. 2017. Quality improvement of an erosion-prone soil through microbial enrichment. Soil and Tillage Research. 165: 230-238.
Kukal SS, Sarkar M. 2011. Laboratory simulation studies on splash erosion and crusting in relation to surface roughness and raindrop size. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 59(1): 87-93.
Kukal SS, Sarkar M. 2010. Splash erosion and infiltration in relation to mulching and polyviny1 alcohol application in Semi-Arid Tropics. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 56(6): 697-705.
Lu P, Xie X, Wang L, Wu F. 2017. Effects of different spatial distributions of physical soil crusts on runoff and erosion on the Loess Plateau in China. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 42(13): 2082-2089.
Merz R, Blöschl G, Parajka J. 2006. Spatio-temporal variability of event runoff coefficients. Journal of Hydrology. 331(3): 591-604.
Nosetto MD, Jobbágy EG, Paruelo JM. 2006. Carbon sequestration in semi-arid rangelands: Comparison of Pinus ponderosa plantations and grazing exclusion in NW Patagonia. Journal of Arid Environments. 67(1): 142-156.
Parsons AJ, Stone PM. 2006. Effects of intra-storm variations in rainfall intensity on interrill runoff and erosion. Catena. 67(1): 68-78.
Pérez E, García P. 2016. Monitoring soil sealing in Guadarrama River Basin, Spain, and its potential impact in agricultural areas. Agriculture. 6(1): 7 p.
Peyvasteh F, Asadi H, Akef M. 2010. Relationship between aggregate stability and surface sealing formation and its effect on soil erosion in laboratory conditions. Iranian Journal of Watershed Management Science and Engineering. 4(10): 1 - 8.
Pimentel D, Harvey C, Resosudarmo P, Sinclair K, Kurz D, McNair M, Blair R. 1995. Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science-AAAS-Weekly Paper Edition. 267(5201): 1117-1122.
Piotrowska-Długosz A, Charzyński P. 2015. The impact of the soil sealing degree on microbial biomass, enzymatic activity, and physicochemical properties in the ekranic technosols of Toruń (Poland). Journal of Soils and Sediments. 15(1): 47-59.
Putjaroon W, Pongboon K. 1987. Amount of runoff and soil losses from various land-use sampling plots in Sakolnakorn Province, Thailand. IAHS-AISH Publication. 167: 231-238.
 Ramos M C, Nacci S, Pla I. 2000. Soil sealing and its influence on erosion rates for some soils in the mediterranean area. Soil Science. 165(5): 398-403.
Ran Q H, Shi Z N, Fu X D, Wang GQ, Xu Y P. 2012. Impact of rainfall movement on soil crust development. International Journal of Sediment Research. 27(4): 439-450.
Refahi H. 2006. Water erosion and its control. 5th Edition, Tehran University Press. 671 p. (In Persian).
Ries J, Hirt U. 2008. Permanence of soil surface crusts on abandoned farmland in the Central Ebro basin/Spain. Catena. 72: 282-296.
Rubio JL, Forteza J, Andreu V, Cerni R. 1997. Soil profile characteristics influencing runoff and soil erosion after forest fire: A case study (Valencia, Spain). Soil Technology. 11(1): 67-78.
Sadeghi SHR, Gholami L, Sharifi Moghadam E, Khaledi Darvishan A. 2015. Scale effect on runoff and soil loss control using rice straw mulch under laboratory conditions. Solid Earth. 6(1): 1-8.
Sadeghi SHR, Sharifi Moghadam E, Khaledi Darvishan A. 2016. Effects of subsequent rainfall events on runoff and soil erosion components from small plots treated by vinasse. Catena. 138: 1-12.
Seeger M. 2007. Uncertainty of factors determining runoff and erosion processes as quantified by rainfall simulations. Catena. 71(1): 56-67.
Segeren AG, Trout TJ. 1991. Hydraulic resistance of soil surface seals in irrigated furrows. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 55(3): 640-646.
Seifi M, Neyshabouri MR, Rouhipour H, Ahmadi A. 2014. Effects of surface seal on interrill erodibility at various slopes and rainfall intensities under laboratory conditions. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 24(1): 55-66. (In Persian).
Sharifi F, Safarpour Sh, Ayoubzadeh SA, Vakilpour J. 2004. An investigation of factors affecting runoff generation in arid and Semisemi-arid area using simulation and rainfall runoff data. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources. 57(1): 33-45. (In Persian).
Smets T, Poesen J, Knapen A. 2008. Spatial scale effects on the effectiveness of organic mulches in reducing soil erosion by water. Earth-Science Reviews. 89(1): 1-12.
Vaezi AR, Bahrami HA, Sadeghi SHR, Mahdian MH. 2008. Spatial variations of runoff in a port of calcareous soils of semi-arid region in northwest of Iran. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 15(5): 213-225.
Vaezi AR, Hasanzadeh H. 2016. Investigation of Soil loss from small plots with different soil textures in sequential simulated rainfall events. Journal of Water and Soil Sciences. 20(75): 201-212. (In Persian).
Vaezi AR, Zarrinabadi E, Auerswald K. 2017. Interaction of land use, slope gradient and rain sequence on runoff and soil loss from weakly aggregated semi-arid soils. Soil and Tillage Research.  172: 22-31.
Walling DE, Collins AL, Sichingabula HM, Leeks GJL. 2001. Integrated assessment of catchment suspended sediment budgets: a Zambian example. Land Degradation & Development. 12(5): 387-415.
Wei L, Zhang B, Wang M. 2007. Effects of antecedent soil moisture on runoff and soil erosion in alley cropping systems. Agricultural Water Management. 94(1): 54-62.
Xin-Hu L, Zhang ZY, Jie YANG, Zhang GH, Bin WANG. 2011. Effects of Bahia grass cover and mulch on runoff and sediment yield of sloping red soil in southern China. Pedosphere. 21(2): 238-243.
Zarea Khormizi M, Najafinejad A, Noura N. Kavian A. 2013. The effects of soil properties on runoff and soil loss generation in the farm lands of the Chehel-Chai Watershed, Golestan Province. Journal of Water and Soil Sciences. 17(64): 173-183. (In Persian).
Zarrinkafsh M. 1992. Morphology evaluation and quantitative analysis of soil, water and plants. Applied Soil Science, Tehran University Press, 2nd Edition. 345 p. (In Persian).
Zhao L, Liang X, Wu F. 2014. Soil surface roughness change and its effect on runoff and erosion on the loess plateau of China. Journal of Arid Land. 6(4): 400-409.
Zhou H, Peng X, Darboux F. 2013. Effect of rainfall kinetic energy on crust formation and interrill erosion of an ultisol in subtropical China. Vadose Zone Journal. 12(4): 1-9.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 15 October 2018
  • Revise Date: 03 February 2020
  • Accept Date: 17 March 2020

Share

How to cite

Statistics