Interactions between Flood Spreading and Vegetation Type on Some Biological Indices of Soil in the Gareh-Bygone Plain of Fasa (Kowsar Station)

Document Type : Research

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Forest Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, AREEO, Tehran, Iran

3 Research Expert (Ph.D., of Natural Resources), Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, AREEO, Tehran, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Natural Resources Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Shiraz, Iran

5 M.Sc., Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

Introduction and Objectives
Biochemical activities of soil have been proposed as one of the most well-known indicators of soil quality and health, which are considered in evaluating the effect of afforested species on soil characteristics. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the long-term effect of flood spreading operation and type of vegetation on the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase, urease and dehydrogenase enzymes and soil microbial activity, including basal respiration and stimulated respiration, in 2019.
Materials and Methods
Sampling the soil around the roots of Acacia salicina Lindl., Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) Wats. (0-20 cm depth) was carried out with 6 treatments in three replications. Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS software as a factorial test in the form of a randomized complete block design and the means were compared with Tukey test at P<0.05.
Results and Discussions
The results showed that the interaction between flood spreading and vegetation type on the activity of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, urease, dehydrogenase, stimulated respiration and organic carbon was significant at P<0.01. The activity of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes in the soil under cover of Acacia and Eucalyptus plantations was higher than the activity of these enzymes in the soil under cover of Atriplex, especially in the situation with flood spreading. The activity of urease enzyme showed the highest value in the soil under the Atriplex with flood spreading and the lowest value in the soil under the Atriplex without flood spreading, and this difference is statistically significant with Tukey's level test at P<0.05. The activity of dehydrogenase enzyme showed the highest value in the soil under the Atriplex with flood spreading and the lowest value in the soil under the Atriplex without flood spreading, and this difference is statistically significant with Tukey's test at P<0.05. Dehydrogenase activity in the soil of Atriplex with flood spreading compared to the activity of this enzyme in the soil of Acacia with flood spreading and also the activity of dehydrogenase in the soil of Acacia and Eucalyptus in the situation with flood spreading, statistically with the test Tukey did not show a difference at P<0.05. In the conditions of flood spreading, the basic respiration rate in the understory soil of Acacia, Eucalyptus and Atriplex was higher than the basic respiration in the soil under the cover of these plants without flood spreading, although the difference in the basic respiration in the two situations with flood spreading and without flooding were not statistically significant at P<0.05. The amount of stimulated respiration in the soil of Atriplex with flood spreading was higher compared to the amount of stimulated respiration in the soil of Eucalyptus with flood spreading, but it was not statistically different from the amount of stimulated respiration in the soil of Acacia with flood spreading and Acacia without flood spreading. The highest and lowest amount of stimulated respiration was observed in the soil under the cover of Acacia and Eucalyptus, respectively, in the condition without flood spreading, and these differences were statistically significant at P<0.05.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The results of this study showed that the activity of soil enzymes can potentially predict the amount of nutrient deficiency. In addition, afforestation in arid areas, improves soil quality indices. Considering the important role of organic matter in improving the biological properties, quality and health of the soil, in order to increase the amount of organic matter in the soil, rehabilitating flooded rangelands with native and compatible trees and bushes, managing grazing and increasing non-grazing periods are recommended.

Keywords


Abasian A, Golchin A, Sheklabadi M, 2015. Some enzyme activities of two Histosols and their relationship with soil biological and chemical properties. Journal of Soil Biology, 2(2):111–124. (In Persian). 
Ali Ahyaei M, Behbahanizadeh AA. 1993. Description of chemical methods of soil analyses, publication number 892, Soil and Water Research Institute. (In Persian).
Alvarez S, Guerrero MC. 2000. Enzymatic activities associated with decomposition of particulate organic matter in two shallow ponds. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32(13): 1941–1951.
Bastida F, Kandeler E, Moreno JL, Ros M, García C, Hernández T. 2008. Application of fresh and composted organic wastes modifies structure, size and activity of soil microbial community under semiarid climate. Applied Soil Ecology, 40(2):318–329.
Blake GR, Hartge KH. 1986. Bulk density. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis. Part I. Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 9(1): 363–376.
Blonska E, Lasota J, Zwydak M. 2017. The relationship between soil properties, enzyme activity and land use. Forest Research Papers, 78 (1): 39–44.
Carrasco-Carballido V, Martínez-Garza C, Jiménez-Hernández H, Márquez Torres F, Campo J. 2019. Effects of initial soil properties on three-year performance of six tree species in tropical dry Forest restoration plantings. Forest, 10(5): 428 p. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10050428.
Clarholm M. 1993. Microbial biomass P, labile P, and acid phosphatase activity in the humus layer of a spruce forest, after repeated additions of fertilizers. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 16: 287–292.
Dick WA. 1984. Influence of long-term tillage and crop rotation combinations on soil enzyme activities. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 48: 569 –574.
Hamid E, Payandeh KN,  Kariminejad MT, Saadati N. 2020. Investigation of protease and alkaline phosphatase activities, organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus of Shadegan coastal soils. Journal of Soil Biology, 9(1):41–60. (In Persian).  
Florinsky IV, McMahon S, Burton DL. 2004. Topographic control of soil microbial activity: A case study of denitrifies. Geoderma, 119: 33–53.
Henry HAL. 2012. Soil extracellular enzyme dynamics in a changing climate. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 47: 53–59.
Ghahari GR. 2019. Vegetation monitoring of Kowsar research aquifer management station. Annual report of research project, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, 55 p. (In Persian).
Gleeson DB, Herrmann AM, Livesley SJ, Murphy DV. 2008. Influence of water potential on nitrification and structure of nitrifying bacterial communities in semiarid soils. Applied Soil Ecology, 40: 189–194.
Gianfreda L, Bollag JM. 1996. Enzyme activity in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 8: 123–192.
Juma NG, Tabatabai M. 1988. A comparison of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of phosphor mono esterase of soils and of corn and soy bean roots. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 20: 533–539.
Kara O, Bolat I. 2007. The effect of different land uses on soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in Barton Province. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 32(2): 281–288.
Karimi F, Jalalian A, Honarjoo N, Mehnatkesh A. 2013. The effect of land use change on soil microbial respiration index and air warming in the Central Zagros, The First National Conference on Strategies for Achieving Sustainable Development (Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment), March 11, 2013, Tehran. (In Persian).
Kooch Y, Moghimian N. 2015. The effect of deforestation and land use change on
ecophysiology indices of soil carbon and nitrogen. Iranian Journal of Forest, 7(2): 243–256. (In Persian).
Kooch Y. 2018. Effect of forest canopy gap on soil enzyme activity, dissolved organic matter and organic acids. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 25(4) (Consecutive 70): 585–597. (In Persian).
Kooch Y, Ehsani S, Akbarinia M. 2019. Stoichiometry of microbial indicators shows clearly more soil responses to land cover changes than absolute microbial activities. Ecological Engineering, 131(1): 99–106.
Kumar S, Chaudhuri S, Maiti SK. 2011. Soil phosphatase activity in natural and mined soil – A Review. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 31(11):1–10.
Lacerda-Júnior GV, Noronha MF, Cabral L, Delforno TP, Pereira de Sousa ST, Fernandes-Júnior PI, Melo IS, Oliveira VM. 2019. Land use and seasonal effects on the soil micro biome of a Brazilian dry forest. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10(648): 1–14.
Li Q, Liang JH, He YY, Hu QJ, Yu S. 2014. Effect of land use on soil enzyme activities at karst area in Nanchuan, Chongqing, Southwest China. Plant, Soil and Environment, 60(1): 15–20.
Liang Q, Chen H, Gong Y, Fan M, Yang H, Lal R, Kuzyakov Y. 2012. Effects of 15 years of manure and inorganic fertilizers on soil organic carbon fractions in a wheat-maize system in the North China plain. Nutrient Cycling in Agro ecosystems, 92(1): 21–33.
Maharjan M, Sanaullaha B, Razavid BS, Kuzyakov Y. 2017. Effect of land use and management practices on microbial biomass and enzyme activities in subtropical top-and sub-soils. Applied Soil Ecology, 113(1): 22–28.
Mahvahi A, Safari Sanjabi AA. 2009. Effect of moisture on the activity of acidic and alkaline phosphatase enzymes and phytase enzyme in a soil treated with sewage sludge. Proceedings of the 11th Iranian Soil Science Congress, Gorgan, July 21-24, 2009. pp. 147–148. (In Persian).
Margalef O,  Sardans J,  Fernández-Martínez M, Molowny-Horas R,  Ciais P, Goll D, Richter A, Obersteiner M, Asensio D,  Peñuelas J. 2017. Global patterns of phosphatase activity in natural soils. Scientific Reports 7: 1337. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-01418-8.
Munoz-Rojas M, Erickson TE, Martinia D, Dixon KW, Merritt DJ. 2016. Soil physicochemical and microbiological indicators of short, medium and long term post-fire recovery in semi-arid ecosystems. Ecological Indicators, 63: 14–22.
Nannipieri P, Grego S, Ceccanti B. 1990. Ecological significance of the biological activity in soil. In: Soil Biochemistry, Volume 6 (eds J.-M. Bollag & G. Stotzky), pp. 293–355. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Nelson DW, Sommers LP. 1986. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter, p 539–579. In: Page, A.L. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2, Agronomy Handbook No 9, American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
Öhlinger R. 1996. Soil sampling and sample preparation. In: Methods in soil biology, 7–11. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Page AL, Miller RH, Keeney DR. 1992. Method of soil analysis, part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, Second Edition, Sixth Printing, Soil Science Society of America. Inc. Publisher, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Poeplau C, Don A, Vesterdal L, Leifeld J, Van Wesemael B, Schumacher J, Gensior A. 2011. Temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon after land-use change in the temperate zone carbon response functions as a model approach. Global Change Biology, 17(7): 2415–2427.
Raich JW, Schlesinger WH. 1992. The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate. Tellus B, 44: (2): 81–99.
Raiesi F. 2007. The conversion of overgrazed pastures to almond orchards and alfalfa cropping systems may favor microbial indicators of soil quality in Central Iran. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 12: 309–318.
Rasouli-Sedghiani MH, Karimi S, Khodaverdiloo H, Barin M, Banej-Shafiei A. 2016. Impact of forest ecosystem land use on soil physico-chemical and biological indices. Iranian Journal of Forest, 8(2): 167–178. (In Persian).
Rouhi Moghaddam EL, Hosseini SM, Ebrahimi EL, Rahmani A, Tabari M, Mahdavi R. 2011. Comparison of some soil characteristics in pure and mixed oak plantations. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 25(1): 39–48. (In Persian).
Salehi A, Mohammadi A, Safari A. 2011. Investigation and comparison of physical and chemical soil properties and quantitative characteristics of trees in less-damaged and damaged area of Zagross forests (Case study: Poldokhtar, Lorestan Province). Iranian Journal of Forest, 3(1): 81–89. (In Persian). 
Sardans J, Peñuelas J. 2004. Increasing drought decreases phosphorus availability in an evergreen Mediterranean forest. Plant Soil, 267: 367–377, doi:10.1007/s11104-005-0172-8.
Schlesinger WH, Andrews JA. 2000. Soil respiration and the global carbon cycle. Biogeochemistry, 48: 1. 7–20.  
Sheikhloo F, Rasouli Sedghiani M. 2016. Effects of different agronomic and forest land uses on soil enzyme activity.  Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 47(1): 205–216.  (In Persian).
Siebielec S, Siebielec G, Klimkowicz-Pawlas A, Gał ̨azka A, Grzadziel J, Stuczynski T. 2020. Impact of water stress on microbial community and activity in sandy and loamy soils. Agronomy, 10: 1429–1446. doi:10.3390/agronomy10091429.
Spiers GA, McGill WB. 1978. Effects of phosphorus addition and energy supply on acid phosphatase activity in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 11: 3–8.
Soleimani M. 2014. The effect of native and non-native afforestation on the stability of aggregates and organic matter of soil particles (Case study: Caspian Forest Seed Center). Tarbiat Modarres University Master Thesis, 124 p. (In Persian).
Stark CH, Condron LM, Callaghan MO, Stewart A, Di HJ. 2008. Differences in soil enzyme activities, microbial community structure and short-term nitrogen mineralization resulting from farm management history and organic matter amendments. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40(60): 1352–1363.
Steinwag JM, Dukes JS, Wallenstein MD. 2012. Modeling the effects of temperature and moisture on soil enzyme activity: Linking laboratory assays to continuous field data. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 55: 85–92.
Stotzky G. 1997. Soil as an environment for microbial life. In: Modern Soil Microbiology (eds J.D. van Elsas, J.T. Trevors & E.M.H. Well-ington), pp. 1–20. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Sun Y, Goll DS, Ciais P, Peng S, Margalef O, Asensio D, Sardans J, Peñuelas J. 2020. Spatial pattern and environmental drivers of acid phosphatase activity in Europe. Front. Big Data 2:51. doi: 10.3389/fdata.2019.00051.
Tian Y, Zhe Z, Wang J, Wang Z. 2022. Evaluation of soil quality for different types of land use based on minimum dataset in the typical desert steppe in Ningxia, China. Journal of Advanced Transportation Volume 2022, Article ID 7506189, 14 p. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7506189
Wang Q, Liu S, Wang S. 2013. Debris manipulation alters soil CO2 efflux in a subtropical plantation forest. Geoderma, 192: 316–322.
Young IM, Ritz K. 2000. Tillage, habitat space and function of soil microbes. Soil Tillage Res. 53: 201–213.
Zarafshar M, Matinizade M, Rousta MJ, Bordbar SK, Kooch Y, Negahdar Saber MR, Abasi A, Enayati K. 2020a. The effect of forest degradation and land use change on some soil biological indices (Case study: Persian Oak (Quercus Brantii Lindl) Forests in Fars Province). Iranian Journal of Plant Ecosystem Conservation, 7(15): 319–332. (In Persian).
Zarafshar M, Bazot S, Matinizadeh M, Bordbar SK, Rousta MJ, Kooch Y, Enayati K, Abbasi A, Negahdarsaber M. 2020b. Do tree plantations or cultivated fields have the same ability to maintain soil quality as natural forests? Applied Soil Ecology, 151:1–10.
Zhang J. Wang X. Wang J. 2014. Impact of land use change on profile distributions of soil organic carbon fractions in the Yanqi Basin. Catena, 115: 79–84.
Zhou X, Chen C, Wang Y, Xu Z, Han HLiL, Wan S. 2013. Warming and increased precipitation have differential effects on soil extracellular enzyme activities in a temperate grassland. Science Total. Environment, 444: 552–558. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.023