Efficiency Assessment of G2 and IntErO Models for Annual Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield Prediction in the Kasilian Representative Watershed, Mazandaran Province

Document Type : Research

Authors

1 Former MS.C. Student, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Natural resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

10.22092/wmrj.2023.362025.1539

Abstract

Introduction and Goal
In recent years, soil erosion and sediment yield have posed a significant threat to food security. Many countries have conducted extensive research studies to manage and prevent soil erosion and sedimentation. Considering the need to know the rate of erosion and sediment yield, the current research was conducted using empirical models with the aim of estimating the rate of erosion and sediment yield in the Kasilian representative watershed. Also, empirical models were evaluating and comparing with observational data.
Materials and Methods
The Kasilian representative watershed in Mazandaran province had its soil erosion and sediment yield estimated using the G2 and IntErO Models. Then, using the observational data and the sediment rating curve of Valikbon hydrometery station at the outlet of the watershed, the annual specific sediment yield was calculated and the results of the models were evaluated.
Results and Discussion
The results of the G2 and IntErO Models showed the rate of soil erosion at 1.30 and 2.35 t ha-1 yr-1 for this watershed, respectively. Also, the annual specific sediment yield estimated by the G2 and IntErO Models were 0.44 and 0.84 t ha-1 yr-1, respectively, and observational data was obtained as 0.16 t ha-1 yr-1. In this watershed, the G2 Model results revealed that vegetation cover had more significant impact on erosion than rainfall intensity. Due to the type of vegetation cover, most areas in the watershed had low erosion rates. The IntErO Model results showed that the steep slopes of the watershed led to a peak discharge of 137.81 m3 s-1 with 20-year return period. In addition, the surface erosion was the dominant erosion type in this watershed.
Conclusion and Suggestions
The investigated empirical models had similar results. Although, taking into account the changes in land use in the Kasilian representative watershed, the estimated values of annual erosion and sediment yield are acceptable and reasonable, the differences with the observational data were very high and apparently indicated the low efficiency of the models. However, it is necessary to mention that the inappropriateness of the sampling intervals of runoff and sediment in this watershed has been a very important reason for the low intensity of annual sediment yield based on observational data. In other words, the daily measurement intervals for this small watershed have caused the real data of sediment concentration to be collected at the same time as flood hours or peak discharges that have the most sediment transport. To solve this problem, it is suggested to do sampling in small watersheds at shorter time intervals (several times a day or even hourly) so that high concentrations of sediments are collected at the same time as high flows and are included in the calculation of sediment yield.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Abedini M, Abolfathi D, Raeesi M. 2022. The ranking of Razan basin erosion by using the fuzzy logic, EPM and BLM Model in GIS environment. Journal of Geography and Development, 20(68):62-86. (In Persian).
Ahmadian SH, Safai M, Jafari B. 2014. Comparison of soil erosion in dryland, abandoned dryland, pasture and forest areas of Kesilian-Mazandaran Watershed. National Erosion and Sedimentation Conference, Iran, 1-4. (In Persian).
Albaradeyia I, Hani A, Shahrour I. 2011. WEPP and ANN Models for simulating soil loss and runoff in a semi-arid Mediterranean region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 180(1-4):537-556. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-010-1804-x
Ansarilari A, Ansari M. 2017. Examining the usage of GIS in estimating soil erosion and sediment yield using RUSLE Model (Case study: Ghale Chay Basin, Iran). Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 14(2):155-173. (In Persian).
Arabkhedri M. 2014. A review on major water erosion factors in Iran. Land Management, 2(1):17-26.
(In Persian).
Armin M, Velayatinejad SAS, Ghorbannia Khyberi V, Taatpour F, Behzadfar M. 2021. Estimation of runoff and sediment yield using IntErO Model in two watersheds in Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province. Journal of Range and Watershed Management, 74(2):287-301.  (In Persian).
Balouei F. 2021. Simulation of soil erosion in Ilam province using G2 Model. Third International Conference on Biology and Earth Sciences, pp. 1-9. (In Persian).
Barford CC, Wofsy SC, Goulden ML, Munger JW, Pyle EH, Urbanski SP, 2001. Factors controlling long- and short-term sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in a mid-latitude forest. Science, 294(5547):1688-1691. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1062962
Billi P, Spalevic V. 2022. Suspended sediment yield in Italian rivers. Catena, 212:106-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106119
Chalise D, Kumar L, Spalevic V, Skataric G. 2019. Estimation of sediment yield and maximum outflow using the IntErO Model in the Sarada River Basin of Nepal. Water. 11(5):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11050952
Derakhshan Sh. 2011. Studying the flood potential of the Kasilian Watershed using geographic information system. Applied Research Journal of Geographical Sciences, 13(16):51-63. (In Persian).
Draganic J, Drobnjak B, Campar J, Bulajić B, Zajovic V, Behzadfar M, Spalevic V. 2016. Calculation of sediment yield using the IntErO Model in the S1-3 watershed of the Shirindareh River Basin, Iran. Radovi Sumarskog Fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 21(1):243-254.
Esmaili Gholzam H, Ahmadi H, Moini A, Motademoziri B. 2021. Erosion risk assessment of Kesilian Watershed with Icona Model and RS and GIS technologie. Earth Science Research, 12(3):144-163.
Fethullahzadeh T, Servati MR. 2012. Study and qualitative estimation of erosion in geomorphological outcrops using FAO method in Navroud watershed. Quarterly Geographical Journal, 9(34):65-74. (In Persian).
Helming K, Diehl T, Kuhlman T, Jansson PH, Verburg M, Bakker M, PerezSoba L. 2011. Ex ante impact assessment of policies affecting land use, part B: application of the analytical framework. Ecology and Society, 16(1):29-38.
Hizbavi Z, Azizi A, Sharifi Z, Alaei N, Mostafazade R, Behzabfar M, Spalevic V. 2020. Comprehensive estimation of erosion and sedimentation components using IntErO Model in Kozetparaghi Watershed, Ardabil Province. Journal of Environmental Erosion Research. 10(1):92-110. ‎
Janizadeh S, Vafakhah M. 2021. Flood hydrograph modeling using artificial neural network and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system based on rainfall components. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(5):1-14
Jeanneau A, Herrmann T, Ostendorf B. 2021. Mapping the spatio-temporal variability of hillslope erosion with the G2 Model and GIS: A case-study of the South Australian agricultural zone. Geoderma, 402: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115350
Kale GD, Vadsola SN. 2012. Modelling of soil erosion by non-conventional methods World Acad. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 6(3):139-145.
Kalehhouei M, Zabihi Silabi M, Sadehghi PS, Khaledi Darvishan A, Spalevic V, Sadeghi SHR. 2020. Application of IntErO Model in soil erosion assessment of Shazand Watershed, Markazi Province. 15th National Conference in Watershed Management Science and Engineering, Sari, Iran. pp. 1-16.
Kamari Yekdangi F, Sarone F, Mosavi V, Aghabeigi amin S, Khaledi Darvishan A. 2023. Assessing the accuracy of the land use map using two methods of remote sensing and visual interpretation (Case study: Kasilian representative watershed). 17th National Conference on Watershed Management Sciences and Engineering of Iran (Watershed Management & Sustainable Food Security), Iran. pp. 1-12.
Karydas CG, Bouarour O, Zdruli P. 2020. Mapping spatio-temporal soil erosion patterns in the Candelaro river basin, Italy, using the G2 Model with sentinel 2 imagery. Geosciences, 10(89):1-22.
Karydas CG, Panagos P. 2016. Modelling monthly soil losses and sediment yields in Cyprus. International Journal of Digital Earth, 9(8):766-787.
Karydas CG, Panagos P. 2018. The G2 erosion model: An algorithm for month-time step assessments. Environmental Research, 161:256-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.010
Khaledi Darvishan A, Behzadfar M, Spalevic V, Kalonde P, Ouallali A, Sabri E. 2017. Calculation of sediment yield in the S2-1 watershed of the Shirindareh river basin, Iran. Agriculture and Forestry, 63(3):23-32.
Khaledi Darvishan A, Derikvandi M, Aliramaee R, Khorsand M, Spalevic V, Gholami L, Vujacic D. 2018. Efficiency of IntErO Model to predict soil erosion intensity and sediment yield in Khamsan representative Watershed (West of Iran). Agrofor, 3(2):22-31.
Khaledi Darvishan A, Mohammadi M, Skataric G, Popović SG, Behzadfar M, Sakuno NRR, Spalevic V. 2019. Assessment of soil erosion, sediment yield and maximum outflow, using IntErO Model (Case study: S8-IntA Shirindarreh Watershed, Iran). Agriculture and Forestry, 65(4):203-210.
Lal R. 2003. Soils and the global carbon budget. Environment International, 29(4):437-450.
Lense GHE, Servidoni LE, Parreiras TC, Santana DB, Bolleli TM, Ayer JEB, Spalevic V, Mincato RL. 2022. Modeling of soil loss by water erosion in the Tietê River hydrographic basin, São Paulo, Brazil. Semina: Ciênc. Agrár. Londrina, 43(4):1403-1421. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n4p1403
Mohammadamini H, Khaledi Darvishan A, Katebi Kord A. 2016. Introducing the G2 Model with the ability to provide spatial and temporal soil loss map as the main tool for watershed management. Journal of Extension and Development of Watershed Management, 3(11):23-27. (In Persian).
Mohammadi M, Khaledi Darvishan A, Spalevic V, Dudic B, Billi P. 2021. Analysis of the Impact of Land Use Changes on Soil Erosion Intensity and Sediment Yield Using the IntErO Model in the Talar Watershed of Iran. Water, 13(6):1-15.  https://doi.org/10.3390/w13060881
Mohammadi S, Balouei F, Haji Kh, Khaledi Darvishan A, Karydas CG. 2021. Country-scale spatio-temporal monitoring of soil erosion in Iran using the G2 Model. International Journal of Digital Earth, 14(8):1019-1039.
Mohseni B, Razzagian H. 2014. Estimation of soil erosion and sediment production in Kesilian Basin using geomorphology method based on MPSIAC Model in GIS environment. Scientific Journal of Irrigation and Water Engineering of Iran. 4(2):49-57.
Mostazo P, Asensio-Amador C, Asensio C. 2023 Soil erosion modeling and monitoring. Agriculture, 13(2):1-4. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020447
Noor H, Arabkhedri M, Dastranj A. 2023. Evaluation of the effect of range exclosure on soil erosion at plots scale (Case study: Sanganeh soil conservation research site). Water and Soil Management and Modelling, 3(2):66-77. (In Persian).
Noor H, Arabkhedri M. 2020. The influence of hillslope length and direction on runoff and soil loss under natural rainfall in an arid region. Journal of Watershed Management Research, 11(22):254-262. (In Persian).
Panagos P, Karydas CG, Cristiano B, Ioannis G. 2014. Seasonal monitoring of soil erosion at regional scale: An application of the G2 Model in Crete focusing on agricultural land uses. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 27(PARTB):147-155.
Polovina S, Radić B, Ristić R, Kovačević J, Milčanović V, Živanović N. 2021. Soil erosion assessment and prediction in urban landscapes: A new G2 Model approach. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11(9):1-
20. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094154
Saadati H, Gholami S, Sharifi F, Ayubzadeh SA. 2006. An investigation of the effects of land use change on simulating surface runoff using SWAT Mathematical Model (Case study: Kasilian Catchment Area). Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 59(2):301-313. (In Persian).
Saberi E, Boukdir A, Karaoui I, Skataric G, Nacka M., Khaledi Darvishan A, Spalevic V. 2019. Modelling of soil erosion processes and runoff for sustainable watershed management: Case study Oued el Abid Watershed, Morocco. Agriculture and Forestry, 65(4):241-250.
Sabri E, Spalevic V, Boukdir A, Karaoui I, Ouallali A, Mincato RL, Sestras P. 2022. Estimation of soil losses and reservoir sedimentation: A case study in Tillouguite Sub-basin (High Atlas-Morocco). Agriculture and Forestry, 68(2):207-220.
Sadeghi SHR, Mazin M, Moradi HR. 2007. Development of hydrograph using different rainfall components in Kasilian Watershed. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 60(1):33-43. (In Persian).
Sadeghi SHR. 2011. Study and measurement of water erosion. Tarbiat Modares University Press. 412 p. (In Persian).
Saggau P, Kuhwald M, Hamer W, Duttmann R. 2021. Are compacted tramlines underestimated features in soil erosion modelling? A catchment scale analysis using a process based soil erosion model. Land Degradation and Development. 33(3):452-469.
Spalević V, Djurović N, Mijović S, Vukelić-Šutoska M, Ĉurović M. 2013. Soil erosion intensity and Runoff on the Djuricka river basin (North of Montenegro). Malaysian Journal of Soil Science, 17(4):49-68.
Spalevic V, Dlabac A, Jovovic Z, Rakocevic J, Radunovic M, Spalevic B, Fuštic B. 1999. An area and distance measuring program. Acta Agriculture Serbica, 4(8):63-1.
Spalevic V, Dlabac A, Spalevic B, Fuštic B, Popovic V. 2000. Application of computer-graphic methods in studying the discharge and soil erosion intensity - i programme "Drainage basins". Agriculture and Forestry, 46(1-2):19-36.
Spalevic V. 2011. Impact of land use on runoff and soil erosion in Polimlje. Ph.D. Dissertation, Faculty of Agriculture. University of Belgrade, Serbia, 260 p.
Spalevic V. 2019. Assessment of soil erosion processes by using the IntErO Model: case study of the Duboki Potok, Montenegro. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 20(2):657-665.
Strijker D. 2005. Marginal lands in Europe causes of decline. Basic and Applied Ecology, 6(2):99-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2005.01.001
Tanyaş H, Kolat Ç, Süzen ML. 2015. A new approach to estimate cover-management factor of RUSLE and validation of RUSLE Model in the watershed of Kartalkaya Dam. Journal of Hydrology, 528:584-598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.06.048
Tavares AS, Uagoda RES, Spalevic V, Mincato RL. 2021. Analysis of the erosion potential and sediment yield using the IntErO Model in an experimental watershed dominated by karst in Brazil. Poljoprivreda i Sumarstvo, 67(2):153-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.17707/AgricultForest.67.2.11

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 10 May 2023
  • Revise Date: 12 June 2023
  • Accept Date: 21 September 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics