بررسی عوامل محیطی مؤثر بر پراکنش گونه های گیاهی در مراتع جنوب شرقی سبلان

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیارگروه منابع طبیعی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی

2 دانشجوی دکتری علوم مرتع، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی

چکیده

تغییرات ویژگی­های محیطی یکی از مهم­ترین عواملی است که تغییرات مکانی پوشش گیاهی را کنترل می­کند، بنابراین آگاهی از نحوه پراکندگی تغییرات عوامل محیطی و گیاهان در بین جوامع گیاهی مختلف برای دست­یابی به مدیریت بهتر و بررسی روند تغییرات ضروری است. بدین منظور رویشگاه­های مرتعی در محدوده حوزه آبخیز بالخلی­چای شهرستان اردبیل انتخاب شد. نمونه­برداری با انتخاب 45 رویشگاه و در داخل هر رویشگاه­ 3 پلات بزرگ 10 مترمربعی با فاصله 40 متر از همدیگر و در طول ترانسکت 120 متری گونه­های انتشار یافته ثبت شد. از داخل پلات وسطی از دو عمق 15-0 و 30-15 سانتی­متری نمونه­برداری خاک انجام و پارامترهای خاکی در آزمایشگاه تعیین و سایر اطلاعات از نقشه­های ارتفاع، شیب، جهات جغرافیایی، همباران وهمدما برای مکان­های نمونه­برداری استخراج و بر اساس سه طبقه ارتفاعی و بر مبنای بهره­برداری روستایی، روستایی-عشایری و عشایری طبقه­بندی شد. ابتدا با تجزیه واریانس اختلاف بین طبقات بررسی شد. گونه­های گیاهی شناسایی شده از نظر ارزش اکولوژیکی کم شونده، زیادشونده و مهاجم بودن طبقه­بندی شد. رج­بندی با توجه به­ گونه­های شناسایی شده و خصوصیات توپوگرافی، بارندگی، دما و پارامترهای خاکی به­روش آنالیز تطبیقی متعارف (DCA[1]، RDA[2]، CCA[3]) برای تعیین عوامل مؤثر در انتشار گونه­ها انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که بجز pH عمق زیرین، پتاسیم، شن و رس در دو عمق و سیلت عمق سطحی خاک بقیه عوامل انتخاب شده در سه طبقه ارتفاعی باهم اختلاف معنی­داری (01/0P<) و (05/0P<) دارند، بنابراین انتظار می­رود این عوامل در گسترش پوشش گیاهی نقش مؤثری داشته باشند. از سطح 45 مکان 89 گونه گیاهی، متعلق به 53 جنس و 18 خانواده گیاهی شناسایی شد. چهار خانواده Asteraceae، Poaceae، Fabaceae و Lamiaceae غالب و از نظر ترکیب گیاهی نیز در هر سه طبقه غلبه با گونه­های مهاجم، که نشانگر تخریب این مراتع هستند، می­باشند. نتایج رج­بندی نشان داد به­ترتیب ارتفاع، جهت، درجه حرارت (حداقل، حداکثر و متوسط)، بارندگی و کربن آلی عمق اول و دوم از عوامل مهم در انتشار گونه­های گیاهی این مراتع می­باشند. از نتایج این تحقیق می­توان در مدیریت، احیاء و اصلاح اکوسیستم­های مرتعی جنوب شرقی سبلان و مناطق مشابه استفاده کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Influence Environmental Factors on the Distribution of Plant Species in the Southeast Rangelands of Sabalan

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ardavan Ghorbani 1
  • Behnam Bahrami 2
1 Associate Professor, Department of Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2 PhD Student of Rangeland Science at the Department of Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil
چکیده [English]

Variation in environmental characteristics is one of the most important factors, which control spatial variation of vegetation, thus awareness from the spatial variation of environmental factors and plants between the plant communities for gaining better management and identifying process of change is necessary. For this purpose, rangeland habitats were selected on the area of BalekhlooChay watershed in Ardabil County. Sampling was conducted with the selection of 45 sites, and inside of each site 3 large 10m2 plots with the distance of 40m from each other along of a 120m transect was selected and distributed plant species were recorded. From the middle plot soil samples were collected from two depths of 0-15 and 15 -30 cm. Soil parameters were determined in the lab and rest of the information were derived from the elevation, slope, aspect, rainfall and temperature maps for each site and information were classified based on three elevational classes and rural, rural-nomedic and nomedic utilization bases. Initially using ANOVA test the difference between the classes was evaluated. Identified plant species from the decreaser, increaser and invader ecological status value perspective were classified. Ordination was conducted based on the identified plant species and according to the topographic, rainfall, temperature characteristics and soil parameters using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA), Representational Difference Analysis (RDA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) methods. Results show that except pH in subsoil, potasium, sand and clay in top and subsoil and silt in topsoil, rest of the selected factors have significant differences (p>0.01) and (P>0.05) between the elevational classes. Thus, it is expected, these factors are the effective on species distributions. From the 45 sites, 89 plant species belonging to 53 genera and 18 families were identified. Four families including Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae are dominant and from the species composition perspective invader plants are the dominant in three elevational classes, which are the indicator of rangeland degradation. Results of ordination show that from the used environmental factors, elevation and aspect, temperature (min, mean and max) rainfall, and organic carbon of top and subsoil are the main important effective factors on the distribution of plant species on the study area. The results of this study can be used in the management of rangeland ecosystem improvement and ramidation of the the Southeast Sabalan and the same areas. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • plant ecology
  • ecological factors
  • Rangeland habitat
  • ordination
  • Sabalan

مراجع

  1. Allison, L.E. (1975). Organic carbon. In: Black, C.A., Evans, D.D., White, J.L., Ensminger, L.E., Clark, F.E. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison. 1367p.
  2. Antoine, G. and Niklaus, E.Z. (2000). Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology.Ecological Modeling. 135: 147-186.
  3. Assadi, M. (Ed.) (1988-2013). Flora of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Vols. 1-73, Tehran (In Persian).
  4. Badano, E.I., Cavieres, L.A., Molina-Montenegro, M.A. and Quiroz, C.L., (2005). Slope aspect influences plant association patterns in the Mediterranean motorral of central Chile. Journal of Arid Environments, 62: 93-98 pp.
  5. Billings, W.D. (1952). The environmental complex in relation to plant growth and distribution. Quarterly Review of Biology 27: 251-265.
  6. Byoeng, M.M. and Jong, G. (2002). Typical coastal vegetation of Korea.Open and Polar Research, 24(1): 79-86.
  7. Chang C.R., Lee, P.F., Bai, M.L. and Lin, T.T., (2004). Predicting the geographical distribution of plant communities in complex terrain -a case study in Fushian Experimental Forest, northeastern Taiwan. Ecography. 27: 577-588.
  8. Coroi M, Skeffington M.S, Giller P, Smith C, Gormally M and Donovan G.O. (2004). Vegetation diversity and stand structure in streamside forests in the south of Ireland. Forest Ecology and Management. 202: 39-57.
  9. Davis, P.H. (1965-1988). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean. Vols. 1- 8. Edinburgh University Press, Scotland.
  10. De Koning, J.H.J., Vedlkamp, E., Ulloa, M.L. (2003). Quantification of Carbon Sequestration in Soils Following Pasture to Forest Conversion in Northwest Ecuador. Global Biogeochemistry, 17: 1098-1110.
  11. Esmailzadeh, A. and Hossini, S. M. (2007). Relationship between plant ecological groups and vegetation biodiversity indices in Afratakhteh, Journal of Environmental Studies, 43: 21-30. (In Persian).
  12. Fahimipor, E., M.A. Zare Chahoki and Tavili, A. (2010). The relationships between environment characteristics and vegetation in Taleghan rangelands. Iranian Journal of Rangeland. 4: 23-32. (In Persian).
  13. Fu, J.B., Liu, S.L., Ma, K.M. and Zhu, Y.G., (2004). Relationships between soil characteristics, topography and plant diversity in a heterogeneous deciduous broad-leaved forest near Beijing, China. Journal of Plant and Soil. 261: 47-45.
  14. Ghahreman, A. (1979-1992). Colorful flora of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran (In Persian).
  15. Glenn, M., Robert, E., Brian, H., David, R.F., Jonathan, H. and Dana, M., (2002). Vegetation variation across Cape Cod, Massachusetts: environmental and historical determinants. Journalof Biogeography. 29: 1439-1454.
  16. Ghorbani, A., Sharifi Niaragh, J., Kavinpoor, H. and Malekpoor, B. (2013). Assessment ecology particular Festuca ovina (southeast Sabalan Iran). Iranian Journal of Rangeland and Desert Research, 20(2): 396-379. (In Persian).
  17. He, M.Z., Zheng, J.G., Li, X.R. and Qian, Y.L. (2007). Environmental factors affecting vegetation composition in the Alxa Plateau, China.Journal of Arid Environments. 69: 473-489.
  18. Hill, R.A., Hinsley, S.A., Bellamy, P.E., Baltzer, H. (2003). Ecological Applications of Airborne Laser Scanner Data: Woodland Bird Habitatmodel-ling. Scandlaser Conference Proceedings, Umea. Sweden, pp: 78– 87.
  19. Jafari, M., Tavili, A., Rostampour, A., Zare Chahouki, M. A. and Farzadmehr, J. (2009). Investigation of environmental factors affecting vegetation distribution in the Zirkouh rangelands of Qaen, Iranian Journal of Range and Watershed Management, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 62(2): 197-213. (In Persian).
  20. Jafari Haghighi, M. 2003. Soil analysis, sampling and important physical and chemical analysis method with emphasis on theory and application basics, Nedaye Zoha Press, 240 p. (In Persian).
  21. Kia, F., Tavlili, A. and Javadi, S.A. (2010). Multi-range species distribution in relation to some environmental factors of the four gardens of Golestan province. Journal of Rangeland. 5(3): 292-301.
  22. Knudsen D., Peterson G.A. and Pratt P.F. (1982). Methods of Soil Analysis Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 225-246 pp.
  23. Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M. (1994). Ecology of crop plants, Jihad Dadeshgahi Press. (In Persian).
  24. Leps, J. and Smilauer, P. (2003). Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Using CANOCO, Cambridge University Press, 269 pp.
  25. Maassoumi, A. A. (1986-2005). The genus Astragalus in Iran. vols. 1-4. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran (in Persian).
  26. Mahdavi, M., Heydari, M. and Eshaghi Rad, J. (2010). Investigation on biodiversity and richness of plant species in relation to physiography and physico-chemical properties of soil in Kabirkoh protected area,Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 18(3): 426-436. (In Persian).
  27. Mark, A.F., Dickinson, K.J.M. and Hofstede, R.G.M. (2000). Alpine vegetation, plant distribution, life forms, and environments in a humid New Zealand region: Oceanic and tropical high mountain affinities. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research, 32: 240-254.
  28. McLean, E.O. (1988). Soil pH and Lime Requirement. In: Page, A.L. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part, American Society of Agronomy, Vol. 2. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.
  29. Mobayen, S. (1975-1996). Flora of Iran: vascular plants. vols. 1-4. Tehran University Press, Tehran (In Persian).
  30. Monier, M.A. and Wafaa, M.A. (2003). Soil–vegetation relationships in coastal desert plain of southern Sinai, Egypt. Journal of Arid Environments. 55: 607-628.
  31. Moghaddam, M. R. (2005). Ecology of terrestrial plants. Tehran University press, 701p. (In Persian)
  32. Mozaffarian, V. (2003). A dictionary of Iranian plant names. Farhang Moaser Publication, Tehran (In Persian).
  33. Nadjafi–Tireh–Shabankareh, K., Jalili, J., Khorasani؛ N., Jam zad, Z. and Asri, A. (2008). Investigation on relationship between ecological factors and plant associations of Geno Protected Area, Iranian Journal of Rangeland and Desert Research, 15(2): 179-199. (In Persian).
  34. Page, A.L., R.H. Miller and Keeney, D.R. (1982). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2 - Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd Edition. Agronomy Society of America.  Madison, WI. 
  35. Pinke G., Pal R. and Botta – Dukat Z. (2010). Effect of environmental factors on weed species composition of cereal and stubble fields in western Hungary. Journal of Biologie, 5(2):283-292.
  36. Rechinger K.H. (Ed), (1963–1998). Flora Iranica, vols. 1-180. Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz, Austria.
  37. Rezaei, S.A. and Gilkes. R. (2006). The Effects of Landscape Attributes and Plant Community on Soil Chemical Properties in Rangelands. Geoderma, 125:167-176.
  38. Sheikh-Hosseini, A. R. and Nourbakhsh, F. The effect of soil and plant residues on net nitrogen mineralization, Journal of Pajouhesh & Sazandegi,75: 127-133. (In Persian).
  39. Sharifi, J., Fayaz, M., Azimi, F., RostamiKia, Y. and Eshvari, P. (2013). Identification of Ecological region of Iran (Vegetation of Ardabil Province), Institute Research of Forest and Rangeland Press. Report No. 42183/37. (In Persian).
  40. Vetaas OR and Gerytnes JA. (2002). Distribution of vascular plant species richness andendemic richness along the Himalayan elevation gradient in Nepal. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 11: 291-301.
  41. Zare Chahouki, M.A., Qomi S., Azarnivand H. and Pirri Sahragard, H. (2009). Relationship between vegetation diversity and environmental factors in Taleghan rangelands. Iranian Journal of Rangeland, 3:171-180. (In Persian).
  42. Zolfaghari, F., Pahlevanravi, A, Fakhireh, A. and Jabari, M. (2010). Investigation on relationship between environmental factors and distribution of vegetation in Agh Toghe basin, Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 17(3): 431-444. (In Persian).

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 29 دی 1392
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 25 اردیبهشت 1394
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 27 شهریور 1394

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار