بررسی کیفیت و مقدار آلودگی ته‌نشست‌های سطحی رود کارون در بخشی از بازه شهری اهواز

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اهواز، ایران

2 دانشیار پژوهشی، گروه تحقیقات مهندسی رودخانه و سواحل، پژوهشکده‌ی حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

3 کارشناس پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اهواز، ایران

چکیده

رود کارون یکی از محیط‌ های ته‌نشستی مهم آبخیز کارون بزرگ است که پذیرای مقدار فراوانی از انواع آلاینده های نفتی، صنعتی، فاضلاب شهری و پس‌آب کشاورزی است. از طرفی شرایط فیزیک و-شیمیایی حاکم بر آن که ناشی از تغییر در آب‌گذری و ریخت‌شناسی آن است، شرایط جذب عنصرهای فلزی سمی و تراز‌های مختلف آلایندگی را برای آب‌زیان و بهره‌برداران و چرخه‌ی غذایی آن‌ها فراهم آورده است. بازه‌ی شهری اهواز (پل پنجم تا کوی سید خلف) با هدف تعیین غلظت هفت عنصر فلزی سمی (As، Cu، Cr، Cd، Zn، Pb و Ni) و تراز‌های آلودگی ناشی از آن‌ها برای این پژوهش مشخص شد. راه‌برد نمونه‌برداری از نوع دیده‌گرایی (تعَیُّن‌گرایی) و از محل کانون‌های شناسایی شده تعیین، و 21 نمونه از ته‌نشست‌های سطحی رود (10-0 سانتی‏ متر) با دستگاه نمونه‌بردار دست‌نخورده برداشته شد. ته‌نشست‌ها پس از مراحل آماده‌سازی با دستگاهICP- MS  تجزیه شد. غلظت عنصرها نسبت به تراز بمعیار آن‌ها در ته‌نشست‌های آب شیرین (ISQGs, PEL, SEL) مقایسه، و تراز خطر آلودگی و منطقه‌ی خطر به‌دست آمد. عامل غنی‌شدگی برای تعیین مقدار عبور غلظت عنصرهای فلزی سمی از تراز مبنا محاسبه شد. ضریب تغییر غلظت غالب عنصرها نشان‌دهنده‌ی سهم آلاینده‌های انسانی در افزایش تمرکز آن‌ها در ته‌نشست‌ها داشت. ترتیب غنی‌شدگی عنصرها Zn> Cu> Ni > As > Cr=Pb> Cd  در ته‌نشست‌های سطحی بود. ته‌نشست‌های سطحی کارون به‌ویژه از پل کیان‌پارس تا پل پنجم برای Cr در شرایط پرخطر بود، و غلظتی بیش از تراز PEL (90 mg kg -1) داشت. غلظت Ni در ته‌نشست‌ها در بازه­ پژوهش فراتر از حد بمعیار ISQG، PEL به‌ویژه SEL (50 mg kg -1) بود. همه‌ی آب‌زیان و بهره‌برداران از رودخانه‌ی کارون در بازه­ پژوهش در برابر خطر مسمومیت شدید ناشی از آلودگی نیکل اند. این شرایط در حالی است که فاضلاب‌های زه‌کش‌شده در بازه­ پل کیان‌پارس تا پل سیاه و پل نادری تا پل هشتم، بیش‌ترین نقش در آلودگی کارون داشته‌است. کنش‌های پیش‌گیرانه و مهارکننده‌ی آلاینده‌ها از منشأ و روش‌های خنثاسازی و حذف آلاینده‌ها از ته‌نشست‌های رودخانه­ کارون توصیه می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Determination of the Quality and the Pollution Level of the Surface Sediments of the Karun River in part of the Ahvaz Urban Area

نویسندگان [English]

  • Freidoon Soleimani 1
  • Mohammad Reza Gharibreza 2
  • Fariborz Soozangar 3
1 Assistant Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ahvaz, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Research Department of River and Shore Engineering, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
3 Research Expert, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources (AREEO), Ahvaz, Iran
چکیده [English]

The Karun River provides an important sedimentary environment for the Great Karun Watershed, which receives large amounts of oil, industrial and municipal sewage, and agricultural wastes. The dominant physico-chemical conditions, which are controlled by water discharge rate and the river morphology, determine the conditions for the absorption of toxic metal and levels of pollution for aquatic creatures and utilizers; in other words, the food chain. Therefore, the study range limited the urban area of Ahvaz between the Fifth Bridge and the Sayyed Khalaf Alley.  The research objectives were to determine the concentration of seven toxic metals, namely: Cu, Cr, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, and As, and their consequences on the levels of pollution. A deterministic strategy of sampling was chosen based on the identified and surveyed contamination points. In total, twenty-one superficial sediments (0-10 cm) samples were collected using an undisturbed core sampler. The analytical procedure was carried out using the ICP-MS equipment following the Geological Survey procedures. The research method was designed to compare the concentration of toxic metals to their standard levels (ISQGs, PEL, SEL) of sediment quality guidelines of freshwater sediments to find out the level of pollution risk, and the high-risk ranges along the river reach. In addition, the enrichment factor was calculated to determine the rate at which the concentration of toxic metal bias from their background levels. The coefficient of variation of the predominant concentration of elements indicates the contribution of human pollutants in increasing their concentration in sediments and the order of enrichment of elements is Zn> Cu> Ni> As> Cr = Pb> Cd respectively in the surface sediments. The Karun River superficial sediments, especially from the Kianpars Bridge to the Fifth Bridge, were in a harmful condition for Cr, while the concentration was higher than the PEL level (90 mg kg -1). The study concluded that the Ni concentration of the sediments along the studied range was higher than the ISQG, PEL, and SEL (50 mg kg-1) standard level. Thus, aquatic bodies and the users of the Karun River water in such a range are exposed to severe poisoning due to nickel pollution. This situation has occurred while the drained sewage along the districts of the Kianpars Bridge to the Black Bridge and the Naderi Bridge to the Eighth Bridge has played a critical role in releasing pollutants. Thus, preventive measures to control pollutants from the source and methods of neutralizing and removing pollutants from the Karun River sediments are firmly recommended.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Contamination sources
  • Karun River
  • Pollution level
  • Sediment quality indices
  • xic metals

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 19 اردیبهشت 1400
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 09 تیر 1400
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 29 شهریور 1400

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