تحلیل رابطه‌های نهاد-سودمندان برای حکمرانی شبکه‌یی آب در پایین‌دست آبخیز رود کُر

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران

2 دانشیار دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران

3 استادیار دانشکده اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

آب یکی از مهم­ترین رکن‌های وجود زندگی در جامعه‌های طبیعی و انسانی است. گسترش جامعه‌های انسانی در نظام‌های طبیعی و از میان‌رفتن تعادل تولید و عرضه‌ی آب‌ در آبخیزها برای پاسخ‌دادن به تقاضای نیاز آبی آن‌ها باعث تبدیل‌شدن زبان مفاهمه در بخش آب به زبان مخاصمه شده است. اگرچه اهمیت آب و نیاز روزافزون به آن موجب تلاش جامعه‌ برای بهره‌برداری از اندوخته‌‌های دست‌رس آب می‌شود، درک متقابل و احترام به حقوق دیگر سودمندان ایجاب می‌کند که سودبران این اندوخته‌‌ها به بهره‌برداری مشترک و رعایت حقوق یک‌دیگر نیز توجه داشته باشند. پژوهش‌های گسترده‌یی توانایی جامعه‌ها و تشکل‌های محلی را برای بهره‌برداری پایدار از اندوخته‌‌های مشترک نشان داده است، و نشان داده است که چگونه گروه‌های محلی می‌توانند با اتکا به توانایی‌های خود از تخریب این اندوخته‌‌ها جلوگیری کنند. در این پژوهش برای بررسی توانایی جامعه‌های محلی در ایجاد تغییر در وضعیت حکمرانی آب در پایین‌دست آبخیز رود کر، از روش تحلیل شبکه­ی اجتماعی و کاربرد آن بهره‌ گرفته‌شد. شاخص‌های تراز کلان شبکه‌ی اجتماعی، شاخص تراکم و شاخص تمرکز شبکه به‌‌کاربرده شد. نتیجه‌های تحلیل شبکه­ی اجتماعی جامعه­ی محلی روستای معزآباد گورگیر نشان داد که سرمایه­ی اجتماعی فراوانی در پیوند اعتماد و مشارکت در این روستا است. از طرفی نتیجه‌های تحلیل شبکه در تراز سازمانی نیز اندازه‌ی کم همکاری و هم‌آهنگی، و تمرکز زیاد قدرت (وضعیت حکمرانی متمرکز) نشان داد. با یکی کردن شبکه‌ی جامعه‌ی محلی و شبکه­ی سازمانی، تمرکز به اندازه‌ی 31 % کاهش یافت، و باعث تغییر وضعیت حکمرانی به وضعیت چندپاره شد، اما به‌دلیل نبود رابطه‌های مناسب در میان سازمان‌ها و جامعه‌ی محلی، اندازه‌ی همکاری هنوز کم بود. بنابراین برای رسیدن به وضعیت حکمرانی چندمرکزی، افزایش رابطه‌های میان سازمان‌ها و جامعه‌های محلی بر پایه‌ی رابطه‌های همکارانه و مشارکتی بسیار مهم است. این کار ممکن است باعث افزایش ظرفیت سازگاری نظام اجتماعی-زیست‌بومی آبخیز رود کر در برابر تغییر شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analysis of Institution-Stakeholder Relations for the Nested Water Governance in Downstream of the Kor River Basin

نویسندگان [English]

  • Majid Rahimi 1
  • Mehdi Ghorbani 2
  • Arash Malekian 2
  • Amir Alambaigi 3
1 Ph.D. Candidate of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran
2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran
3 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics and Agricultural Development, University of Tehran
چکیده [English]

Water has always been one of the most important pillars of life in natural and human societies. The expansion of human societies in natural systems and the loss of balance between water production and supply by watersheds to meet theirs water needs have turned the language of communication in the water sector into a language of conflict. Although human communities are increasingly trying to exploit available water resources, the importance of water and the growing need for it needs attention to be paid to the joint use and respect for each stakeholder's rights, mutual understanding, and respect for the rights of others. On the other hand, extensive studies indicate the ability of local communities and organizations to make sustainable use of shared resources and show how local groups are able to prevent the destruction of these resources by relying on their capabilities. Therefore, in this study, in order to investigate the ability of local communities to change the water governance regime downstream of the Kor River Basin, the social network analysis method and its application in determining the water governance regime was used. Macro-level indicators of the social networks, including density index and network centralization index were used. The results of the analysis of the social network of the local community of Moezabad-e-Gourgir village showed that there is considerable social capital in the connection of trust and participation in this village. On the other hand, the results of network analysis at the organizational level also showed a low level of cooperation and coordination and a high centralization of power (centralized governance regime). By integrating the local community network into the organizational network, the centralization decreased by 31% and changed the water governance regime to a fragmented regime. But due to the lack of proper relations between organizations and the local community, the level of cooperation is still low. Therefore, in order to achieve a polycentric governance regime, it is very important to increase the relations between organizations and local communities based on cooperative and participatory relations. This can increase the adaptive capacity of the socio-ecological system of the Kor river basin to change.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Polycentric governance regime
  • social network analysis
  • water governance regime

مراجع

Abrishamchi A, Danesh-Yazdi M, Tajrish M. 2011. Conflict resolution of water resources allocation using game theoretic approach: the case of orumieh river basin in Iran, In AWRA Summer Specialty Conference, June, pp. 27–29.
Ahlström H, Cornell SE. 2018. Governance, polycentricity and the global nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Environmental Science & Policy, 79 (1): 54–65.
Bodin Ö, Crona B, Ernstson H. 2006. Social networks in natural resource management: What is there to learn from a structural perspective. Ecology and Society, 11 (2): 1–8.
Bressers HdBC, Lordkipanidze M, Özerol G, Vinke-de Kruijf J, Furusho C, Lajeunesse I, Larrue C, Ramos MH, Kampa E, Stein U, Tröltzsch J, Vidaurre R, Browne A. 2013. Water governance assessment tool with an elaboration for drought resilience. Drop Project EU, 42 p.
Cookey P, Darnsawasdi R, Ratanachai C. 2016. A conceptual framework for assessment of governance performance of lake basins: Towards transformation to adaptive and integrative governance. Hydrology, 3(1): 1–27.
Ebrahimi Azarkharan F. 2018. Water governance in the watershed based on human-environmental systems of Taleghan watershed. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran. 304 p. (In Persian).
Ernstson H. 2008. In Rhizomia: Actors, networks and resilience in urban landscapes. (Doctoral dissertation, Systemekologiska institutionen). 63 p.
Ernstson H, Sörlin S. 2009. Weaving protective stories: Connective practices to articulate holistic values in the Stockholm National Urban Park. Environment and Planning A, 41(6); 1460–1479.
Ernstson H, Barthel S, Andersson E, Borgström ST. 2010. Scale-crossing brokers and network governance of urban ecosystem services: the case of Stockholm. Ecology and Society, 15 (4): 1–25.
Folke C, Hahn T, Olsson P, Norberg J. 2005. Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 30 (2): 441–473.
Ghorbani M, Avazpour L, Khorasani MA. 2015 a. Analysis and evaluation of social capital of development micro-networks for sustainable local development (Case study: RFLDL International Project, Sarayan City). Rural Research, 6(3): 545–566. (In Persian).
Ghorbani M, Avazpour L, Yousefi M. 2015 b. Analysis and evaluation of social capital in order to promote resilience of local communities and sustainable land management (Study area: South Khorasan Province, RFLDL International Project). Rangeland and Watershed Management, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 68(3): 625–645. (In Persian).
Ghorbani M, Jafarian V. 2016. Social networks and natural resources management. University of Tehran Press. 365 p. (In Persian).
Ghorbani M, Rasekhi S, Salimi J, Roghani R. 2014. Local-scale natural resource management, social capital and social power in the local stakeholder network. Rural Research, 5(4): 779–808. (In Persian).
Ghorbani M, Salari F, Saeidi Garaghani H, Sanaei A. 2015 c. Analysis of the links between trust and social participation in the network of users in the direction of participatory rangeland management (Study area: Gargo area - Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province). Rangeland, 9(2): 181–194. (In Persian).
Ghorbani M. 2019. Water governance in the face of global changes. University of Tehran Press, Second Edition. 320 p. (In Persian).
Hooghe L, Marks G. 2003. Unraveling the Central State but how? Types of multi-level governance. American Political Science Review, 87(2): 233–243.
Maas A. 2011. Water, governance and sustainability: A Case study of water allocation in Whiteman's Creek, Ontario. Master's thesis, University of Waterloo. 159 p.
Madani K. 2014. Water management in Iran: what is causing the looming crisis? Environmental Studies and Sciences, 4 (4): 315-328.
Mokarram M, Rahimi M. 2015. Investigation of drainage density of Tashk Bakhtegan Lake Watershed and its relationship with topographic position index (TPI) in GIS environment, The First Scientific Congress on Development and Promotion of Agricultural Sciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Tehran, Tehran Fundamental Science and Technology Association. pp 1-11. (In Persian).
Mousavi H. 2017. The role of social capital in improving the adaptation capacity of local stakeholders in the face of declining groundwater aquifers. MSc Thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran. 236 p. (In Persian).
Ostrom E. 1990. Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action, Cambridge University Press. 280 p.
Ostrom E. 2001. Vulnerability and polycentric governance systems. IHDP (International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change) Newsletter UPDATE, 3(1): 3–4.
Ostrom E. 2005. Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 351 p.
Ostrom E. 2010. Beyond markets and states: Polycentric governance of complex economic systems. American Economic Review, 100(3): 641–672. doi:10.1257/aer.100.3.641
Pahl-Wostl C. 2009. A conceptual framework for analysing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes. Global Environmental Change, 19(3): 354– 365.
Pahl-Wostl C. 2015. Water governance in the face of global change: From understanding to transformation. London: Springer. 287 p.
Pahl-Wostl C. 2019. The role of governance modes and meta-governance in the transformation towards sustainable water governance. Environmental Science & Policy, 91(1): 6–16.
Pahl-Wostl C, Knieper C. 2014. The capacity of water governance to deal with the climate change adaptation challenge: Using fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to distinguish between polycentric, fragmented and centralized regimes. Global Environmental Change, 29(1): 139–154.
Pahl-Wostl C, Lebel L, Knieper C, Nikitina E. 2012. From applying panaceas to mastering complexity: Toward adaptive water governance in river basins. Environmental Science & Policy, 23(1): 24 –34.
Rahimi M. 2019. Analysis of institution-stakeholder action in the direction of water governance (Case study: Tashk-Bakhtegan Lake Basin). MSc Thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran. 167 p. (In Persian).
Roldan VA, Villasante S. 2015. Linking marine and terrestrial ecosystem services through governance social networks analysis in Central Patagonia (Argentina). Ecosystem Services 16(1): 390–402.
Saemipour H. 2016. Social Capital analysis in promoting the resilience of local communities in the face of drought (Case study: Semnan Province, Miami County). MSc Thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran. 158 p. (In Persian).
Salari FM, Malekian A. 2015. Social monitoring of stakeholder network in local governance of water resources (Study area: Razin Watershed, Kermanshah City). Rangeland and Watershed Management, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 68(2): 287–305. (In Persian).
Schneider M, Scholz J. 2003. Building consensual institutions: networks and the National Estuary Program. American Journal of Political Science 47(1): 143–158.
Scholz JT, Wang CL. 2006. Cooptation or transformation? Local policy networks and federal regulatory enforcement. American Journal of Political Science 50(1): 81–97.
Scholz RW, Binder CR. 2011. Environmental literacy in science and society: from knowledge to decisions, Cambridge University Press. 406 p.
Stein C, Ernstson H, Barron J. 2011. A social network approach to analyzing water governance: The case of the Mkindo catchment, Tanzania. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 36(14-15): 1085–1092.
Swyngedouw E, Heynen NC. 2003. Urban political ecology, justice and the politics of scale. Antipode 35(5): 898–918.
Teisman G, Van Buuren A, Edelenbos J, Warner J. 2013. Water governance: Facing the limits of managerialism, determinism, water-centricity, and technocratic problem-solving. International Journal of Water Governance 1 (2):1–11.
Tullock G. 2008. Public goods. Redistribution and Rent Seeking: Edward Elgar Publishing. 168 p.
Yazdanpanah J. 2018. Analysis of extra-sectoral relationships in the network of organizational stakeholders in the direction of comprehensive management of desert areas (Study area: Arsak-Fatahabad Watershed; Boshrouyeh, South Khorasan Province). M.Sc.Thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desertology, Yazd University. 236 p. (In Persian).

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 19 اسفند 1399
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 03 خرداد 1400
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 29 شهریور 1400

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار