ارزیابی اثر کاربری‏ زمین و ویژگی‏ های خاک بر اندازه‌ی‌ سرب خاک آبخیز شهری شیراز با استفاده از زمین آمار و نقشه برداری رقومی خاک

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی مقطع دکتری بخش علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشکده ی کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز و رئیس اداره ی مطالعات و ترویج سازمان سیما، منظر و فضای سبز شهری شهرداری شیراز

2 استاد گروه مهندسی علوم خاک، دانشکده ی کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز

3 دانشیار گروه مهندسی علوم خاک، دانشکده ی کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز

چکیده

مقدمه و هدف
توسعه‌ی شهری، چالش ­های زیست­ محیطی به‌همراه دارد، و یکی از این چالش ­ها، آلودگی خاک به فلزهای سنگین است که برای بهداشت و سلامت عمومی آبخیزنشینان بسیار نگران کننده است. یکی از فلزهای سنگین که در زیست­ بوم­ های شهری نقش مهمی در آلودگی خاک دارد، عنصر سرب است. سرب از دیرباز به‌وسیله‌ی بشر استفاده شده است و در دهه­ های اخیر بنزین سرب­ دار، یکی از منابع اصلی این آلاینده در آبخیزهای شهری است. استفاده از نقشه­ برداری رقومی خاک با استفاده از تابع‌های موجود در زمین ­آمار، پهنه ­بندی آلودگی خاک را در مقایسه با روش ­های قدیمی دچار تحول کرده است و می ­تواند به مدیریت بهینه‌ی آلودگی خاک منجر شود. افزون بر این، کاربری زمین می ­تواند تأثیر زیادی بر این مدیریت داشته باشد. هدف این پژوهش، پهنه­ بندی اندازه‌ی‌ فلز سنگین سرب خاک و ارتباط آن با کاربری زمین می­ باشد.
مواد و روش ­ها
منطقه‌ی مطالعه‌شده، آبخیز شهری شیراز با مساحت 41133 هکتار، به‌عنوان بخشی از آبخیز دریاچه‌ی مهارلو در بخش مرکزی شهرستان شیراز استان فارس در جنوب ایران بود. وضعیت رطوبتی و دمایی خاک­ های منطقه به‌ترتیب زریک و ترمیک می­ باشد. کاربری‏ های بررسی‌شده در این پژوهش شامل: زمین‌های بایر، پارک شهری، باغ و زمین‌های مرتعی کوهستانی بود. به‌منظور تعیین ویژگی­ های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک از هر کاربری 30 نمونه خاک از ژرفای صفر تا 20 سانتی ­متری برداشت شد. برای تولید نقشه­ های رقومی از سامانه‌ی اطلاعات جغرافیایی و مدل‌های زمین‌آماری واریوگرام کروی و نمایی استفاده شد. همچنین از روش کریجینگ برای برآورد ویژگی­ های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و اندازه‌ی‌ سرب استفاده شد.
نتایج و بحث
براساس نتایج این پژوهش تفاوت ویژگی ­های شیمیایی خاک مانند واکنش، کربنات‌کلسیم معادل و اندازه‌ی‌ مواد آلی در کاربری‌های مختلف معنی‌دار بود. همچنین اندازه‌ی‌ ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی و آلودگی سرب در سطح 0/01 معنی­ دار بود. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که در خاک‌های آبخیز شهری شیراز، اندازه‌ی سرب تحت تأثیر برخی از ویژگی­ های شیمیایی خاک مانند ماده آلی و ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی بود. در منطقه‌ی بررسی‌شده در کاربری‌های مختلف زمین‌ ، روند آلودگی سرب به این گونه بود: زمین‌های مرتعی کوهستانی < باغ < پارک شهری < زمین‌های بایر.
نتیجه ­گیری و پیشنهادها
نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که کاربری­ های مختلف زمین می ­توانند بر اندازه‌ی‌ سرب تأثیرگذار باشند. با توجه به مشکل آلودگی خاک در آبخیزهای شهری و تأثیر مهم کاربری زمین در اندازه‌ی‌ آن، انجام طرح­ های پژوهشی و توسعه‌ی شهری برای بررسی‌های دقیق کاربری زمین و ارتباط آن با دیگر ویژگی­ های محیطی از جمله آلودگی خاک پیشنهاد می‏ شود. همچنین انجام پژوهش ­های بیشتر موضعی و موضوعی در زیست ­بوم‌های شهری بر تأثیر انواع گونه ­های گیاهی بر اندازه‌ی‌ فلزهای سنگین در خاک بررسی شده پیشنهاد می­ شود تا با کاشت آن نوع پوشش گیاهی به آلودگی ­زدایی خاک کمک شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of the Effect of Land Use and Soil Properies on the Amount of Lead in Shiraz Urban Watershed Soils, Using Geostatistics and Digital Soil Mapping

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Javad Naghibi 1
  • Majid Baghernejad 2
  • Seyed Ali Abtahi 2
  • Seyed Ali Akbar Mousavi 2
  • Mehdi Zarei 3
1 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran and Head of Research and Extention of Green Space and Landscape Organization of Shiraz Municipality
2 Professor, Department of Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction and Objective
Urbanization has led to environmental challenges; one of these challenges is heavy metal contamination in which is a serious concern for the public health and health of watershed residents issues. One of the heavy metals that play a major role in soil pollution in urban ecosystems is Lead (Pb). Pb has been used by humans for a long time, and in recent decades, leaded gasoline is one of the main sources of this pollutant in urban watersheds. The use of digital soil mapping using the functions available in geostatistics has changed the zoning of soil pollution compared to the old methods and can lead to the optimal management of soil pollution while land use can also have a great impact on this management. The aim of this research is to determine the amount of Pb heavy metal in soil and its relationship with land use.
Materials and methods
The study area was Shiraz urban watershed with an area of ​​41133 hectares, as a part of the Maharloo lake watershed, located in the central part of Shiraz township, Fars province in the south of Iran. Soil moisture and temperature regims of study area are xeric and thermic respectively. The studied land uses were bare lands, urban parks, gardens and mountain range lands In order to determine the physical and chemical properties of the soil, 30 soil samples were taken from the depth of 0 to 20 cm from each land use. Geographic information system (GIS) and spherical and exponential variogram geostatistical models were used to produce digital maps. Kriging method was also used to estimate the physical and chemical properties, and the amount of Pb.
Results and discussion
Based on the results of this research, the difference in soil chemical properties such as reaction, equivalent calcium carbonate and the amount of organic matter in different uses was significant. Also, the amount of cation exchange capacity and lead pollution was significant at the level of 0.01. The results of this research showed that in urban watershed soils of Shiraz, the amount of Pb was influenced by some chemical characteristics of the soil such as organic matter and cation exchange capacity. In the studied area in different land uses, the trend of Pb contamination was as follows: mountain range lands < gardens < urban parks < bare lands.
Conclusions and suggestions
The results of current research showed that different land uses can affect the amount of Pb. Considering the problem of soil pollution in urban watersheds and the important effect of land use on its amout, it is suggested to carry out research and urban development projects for detailed investigations of land use and its relationship with other environmental characteristics, including soil pollution. It is also suggested to carry out more local and thematic researches in urban ecosystems on the effect of various types of plant species on the amount of heavy metals in the examined soil, so that by planting that type of vegetation, soil decontamination can be helped.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Urban watershed
  • lead
  • GIS
  • kriging

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 27 دی 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 18 بهمن 1401
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 28 اسفند 1401

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