برآورد رواناب شهری به‌منظور تعیین نقاط سیل گرفتگی با استفاده از مدل SWMM در شهر ملایر

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته‌ی کارشناسی ارشد آبخیزداری، دانشکده ی منابع‌طبیعی و محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران

2 استادیار گروه مهندسی طبیعت، دانشکده ی منابع‌طبیعی و محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران

10.22092/wmrj.2023.361283.1523

چکیده

مقدمه و هدف
با توجه به حجم زیاد فعالیت‌های انسانی و تجاری یکی از مهم‌ترین اهداف زیرساخت‌ها، جمع‌آوری و انتقال رواناب­ های شهری، مهار سیلاب و جلوگیری از آب‌گرفتگی در شهرها است. به‌منظور برآورد صحیح رواناب و خصوصیات واحدهای آب‌شناخت و کانال‌ها به­ کارگیری مدل ­های مناسب آب‌شناختی و آبی مهم است. با توجه به اهمیت موضوع، این پژوهش با هدف برآورد رواناب شهری ملایر به‌منظور تعیین نقاط احتمالی سیل گرفتگی با استفاده از مدل مدیریت طوفان آب (SWMM) انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها
بر پایه‌ی گزارش‌های فنی موجود، ابتدا محدوده‌ی زیر آبخیز‌ها، گره‌ها و کانال‌های اصلی شهر تعیین شد. با استفاده از مدل رقومی ارتفاعی جهت جریان و شیب منطقه تعیین شد و 11 عدد زیر آبخیز شناسایی شد. همچنین با صرف‌نظر از اندازه‌ی ژرفای اولیه‌ی آب و سطح ماندابی 11 عدد گره تعیین شد. با استفاده از داده‌های بارش روزانه ایستگاه همدید ملایر در دوره‌ی آماری 2020- 1992، بارش نه‌ساعته با دوره‌ی بازگشت دو سال به­ عنوان بارش طرح محاسبه و وارد مدل شد. شکل هندسی کانال­ ها، مستطیل باز و از روش موج جنبشی برای روندیابی جریان در کانال ­ها استفاده شد. اندازه‌های بیشترین آب‌دهی عبوری کانال‌ها با استفاده از رابطه‌ی سطح مقطع جریان و سرعت جریان برای بارش طرح 9 ساعته با دوره‌ی بازگشت دو سال محاسبه شد. برای واسنجی مدل از متغیرهای درصد مناطق نفوذناپذیر، ذخیره‌ی چالابی و ضریب زبری مناطق نفوذناپذیر در بازه‌ی تغییر دامنه‌ی مجاز اصلاح استفاده شد. به‌منظور ارزیابی مدل از ضریب کارایی نش-ساتکلیف و ریشه‌ی میانگین مربعات خطا استفاده شد.
نتایج و بحث
نتایج نشان داد پس از بهینه‌سازی اندازه‌های متغیرها، ضریب کارایی نش-ساتکلیف و جذر میانگین مربعات خطا به‌ترتیب 0/73 و 0/02 بود. از کل بارش 14/54 میلی‌متری، اندازه‌ی 5/53 میلی‌متر مربوط به تلفات نفوذ، اندازه‌ی 7/55 میلی‌متر مربوط به رواناب سطحی و اندازه‌ی 1/45 میلی‌متر مربوط به ذخیره‌ی چالابی بود. نتایج نشان داد زیرآبخیز‌هایی که در شمال شهر و مشرف‌به بلندی‌ها بودند و به گره‌ی شماره‌ی 10 منتهی می‌شدند حجم و آب‌دهی رواناب بیش­تری داشتند و لازم است در این منطقه در طراحی و گسترش کانال‌ها تجدیدنظر شود. همچنین زیر آبخیز‌های بخش غربی شهر (زیر آبخیز شماره‌ی 4) و بخش جنوب‌غربی (زیر آبخیز شماره‌ی 8) با 0/651 و 0/547 به‌ترتیب بیش­ترین و کم‌ترین توان سیل‌خیزی را داشتند.
نتیجه‌گیری و پیشنهادها
در این پژوهش نتایج نشان داد تقریباً نیمی از شهر در رخداد بارش‌ها، تحت تأثیر خطرهای سیلاب قرار خواهند گرفت. ازاین‌رو شبکه‌ی زهکشی کنونی کارایی لازم برای تخلیه رواناب شهری در بخش شمال شهر را ندارند و تعیین ابعاد بهینه‌ی کانال‌ها ضروری است. به‌دلیل برف‌گیر بودن بلندی‌های شرقی منطقه‌ی مطالعه‌شده و با توجه به زمین شناسی آن پیشنهاد می‌شود از مدل‌هایی که توانایی محاسبه‌ی رواناب ناشی از ذوب برف را دارند در پژوهش‌های آتی استفاده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Estimation of Urban Runoff for Determine Potential Flooding Points Using SWMM Model in Malayer City

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Zandi 1
  • Mohammad Bashirgonbad 2
1 M.Sc. in Urban Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction and Goal
Due to the large volume of human and commercial activities, one of the most important goals of infrastructure is to collect and transfer urban runoff, control floods and prevent flooding in cities. To correctly estimate the runoff and characteristics of hydrological units and channels, it is important to use appropriate hydrological and water models. Considering the importance of this topic, this research was conducted with the aim of estimating the urban runoff of the Malayer to determine the potential flooding points using a storm water management model (SWMM).
Material and Methods
On the basis of available technical reports, the area of the sub-watersheds, nodes and main channels of the city were first determined. Flow direction and slope of the area was determined using a digital elevation model and 11 sub-watersheds were identified. In addition, 11 nodes were determined, regardless of the initial water depth and water level. Using the daily rainfall data of the Malayer synoptic station during the 1992–2020 statistical period, a nine-hour rainfall with a return period of 2 years was calculated and entered into the model. The geometrical shape of the channels was an open rectangle and the flow trend in the channels was determined using the kinetic wave method. The size of the maximum flow of water through the channels was calculated using the relationship between the cross-section of the flow and the speed of the flow a 9-hour the rainfall with a return period of 2 years. To calibrate the model, the variables of percentage of impervious areas, pond storage and roughness coefficient of impervious areas were used in the change range of the allowed modification range. In order to evaluate the model, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient and the root mean square error were used.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that after optimizing the sizes of the variables, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient and the root mean square error were 0.73 and 0.02, respectively. Of the total rainfall of 14.54 mm, 5.53 mm was related to infiltration losses, 7.55 mm was related to surface runoff, and 1.45 mm was related to pond storage. The results showed that the sub-watersheds that were in the north of the city and overlooking the heights and leading to node number 10 had more volume and drainage and it is necessary to revise the design and expansion of the channels in this area. In addition, the sub-watersheds of the western part of the city (sub-watersheds no. 4) and the southwestern part (sub-watersheds no. 8) had the highest and lowest flood potential of 0.651 and 0.547, respectively.
Conclusion and Suggestion
In this research, the results showed that almost half of the city would be affected by flood risks in the event of rains. Therefore, the current drainage network does not have the necessary efficiency to discharge urban runoff in the northern part of the city, and it is necessary to determine the optimal dimensions of the channels. Because the eastern elevations of the studied area are snow-covered and considering the geology of the area, in future research, models capable of calculating the runoff caused by snow melting should be used.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Calibration
  • Malayer city
  • modeling
  • SWMM
  • urban runoff

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 09 بهمن 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 03 فروردین 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 31 خرداد 1402

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