ارزیابی کارایی مدل‌های G2 و IntErO در برآورد فرسایش خاک و تولید رسوب سالانه در آبخیز معرف کسیلیان، استان مازندران

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران

3 استادیار، گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

10.22092/wmrj.2023.362025.1539

چکیده

مقدمه و هدف
در سال‌‌های اخیر فرسایش خاک و تولید رسوب تهدیدی جدی برای امنیت غذایی به‌شمار می‌آید. در بسیاری از کشورها به‌منظور مدیریت و پیشگیری از فرسایش خاک و تولید رسوب پژوهش‌های پرشماری انجام‌شده است. با توجه به لزوم آگاهی از اندازه‌‌ی فرسایش و رسوب‌دهی در آبخیز‌ها، این پژوهش با هدف برآورد اندازه‌ی فرسایش و رسوب آبخیز معرف کسیلیان با استفاده از مدل‌های تجربی انجام شد. همچنین مدل‌های تجربی با داده‌های مشاهده‌ای، ارزیابی و مقایسه شدند.
مواد و روش‌ها
برای برآورد فرسایش خاک و تولید رسوب در آبخیز معرف کسیلیان در استان مازندران از دو مدل G2 و IntErO استفاده شد. سپس با استفاده از داده‌های مشاهده‌ای و منحنی سنجه‌ی رسوب ایستگاه آب‌سنجی ولیک‌بن در خروجی آبخیز، تولید رسوب ویژه‌ی سالانه محاسبه شده و نتایج مدل‌ها ارزیابی شد.
نتایج و بحث
در این آبخیز، نتایج مدل‌های G2 و IntErO اندازه‌ی فرسایش خاک را به‌ترتیب 1/30 و 2/35 تن بر هکتار در سال نشان داد. همچنین، رسوب ویژه‌ی سالانه با مدل‌های G2 و IntErO به‌ترتیب 0/44، 0/84 تن بر هکتار در سال برآورد شد و داده‌های مشاهده‌ای 0/16 تن بر هکتار در سال به‌دست آمد. در این آبخیز نتایج مدل G2 نشان داد که عامل نگهداشت پوشش گیاهی در مقایسه با عامل فرسایندگی باران تأثیر بیشتری بر فرسایش داشت. بیشتر مناطق آبخیز به‌دلیل نوع پوشش گیاهی در طبقه‌ی فرسایشی خیلی‌کم بود. نتایج مدل IntErO نشان داد که کشیدگی و شیب تند دامنه‌های آبخیز سبب شد بیشینه‌ی جریان خروجی در دوره‌ی بازگشت 20 سال 137/81 مترمکعب بر ثانیه باشد. همچنین فرسایش غالب در این آبخیز از نوع فرسایش سطحی بود.
نتیجه‌گیری و پیشنهادها
در این پژوهش مدل‌های تجربی بررسی‌شده نتایجی مشابهی را نشان دادند. بر پایه‌ی تغییرات کاربری در آبخیز معرف کسیلیان اندازه‌های برآوردی فرسایش و تولید رسوب سالانه قابل قبول و منطقی بود، اما تفاوت نتایج با داده‌های مشاهده‌ای بسیار زیاد بود و این یافته نشان‌دهنده‌ی کارایی کم مدل‌ها بود. اما شایان ذکر است که در این آبخیز نامناسب بودن فاصله‌های زمانی نمونه‌برداری آب‌دهی و رسوب، دلیل بسیار مهمی برای کم بودن اندازه‌ی رسوب‌دهی سالانه مبتنی بر داده‌های مشاهده‌ای بود. به‌عبارت دیگر، فاصله‌های اندازه‌گیری روزانه در این آبخیز کوچک موجب شد تا داده‌های واقعی غلظت رسوب هم‌زمان با ساعات سیلابی یا آب‌دهی‌های اوج که بیشترین انتقال رسوب را داشتند، برداشت نشود. برای حل این مشکل در آبخیزهای کوچک ‌پیشنهاد می‌شود نمونه‌برداری در فاصله‌های زمانی کوتاه‌تر (چندین بار در روز و یا حتی ساعتی) انجام شود تا غلظت‌های زیاد رسوب هم‌زمان با آب‌دهی‌های زیاد نمونه‌برداری شود و در محاسبه‌ی رسوب‌دهی لحاظ شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Efficiency Assessment of G2 and IntErO Models for Annual Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield Prediction in the Kasilian Representative Watershed, Mazandaran Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Faezeh Kamari Yekdangi 1
  • Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan 2
  • Soheila Aghabeigi Amin 3
1 Former MS.C. Student, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Natural resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction and Goal
In recent years, soil erosion and sediment yield have posed a significant threat to food security. Many countries have conducted extensive research studies to manage and prevent soil erosion and sedimentation. Considering the need to know the rate of erosion and sediment yield, the current research was conducted using empirical models with the aim of estimating the rate of erosion and sediment yield in the Kasilian representative watershed. Also, empirical models were evaluating and comparing with observational data.
Materials and Methods
The Kasilian representative watershed in Mazandaran province had its soil erosion and sediment yield estimated using the G2 and IntErO Models. Then, using the observational data and the sediment rating curve of Valikbon hydrometery station at the outlet of the watershed, the annual specific sediment yield was calculated and the results of the models were evaluated.
Results and Discussion
The results of the G2 and IntErO Models showed the rate of soil erosion at 1.30 and 2.35 t ha-1 yr-1 for this watershed, respectively. Also, the annual specific sediment yield estimated by the G2 and IntErO Models were 0.44 and 0.84 t ha-1 yr-1, respectively, and observational data was obtained as 0.16 t ha-1 yr-1. In this watershed, the G2 Model results revealed that vegetation cover had more significant impact on erosion than rainfall intensity. Due to the type of vegetation cover, most areas in the watershed had low erosion rates. The IntErO Model results showed that the steep slopes of the watershed led to a peak discharge of 137.81 m3 s-1 with 20-year return period. In addition, the surface erosion was the dominant erosion type in this watershed.
Conclusion and Suggestions
The investigated empirical models had similar results. Although, taking into account the changes in land use in the Kasilian representative watershed, the estimated values of annual erosion and sediment yield are acceptable and reasonable, the differences with the observational data were very high and apparently indicated the low efficiency of the models. However, it is necessary to mention that the inappropriateness of the sampling intervals of runoff and sediment in this watershed has been a very important reason for the low intensity of annual sediment yield based on observational data. In other words, the daily measurement intervals for this small watershed have caused the real data of sediment concentration to be collected at the same time as flood hours or peak discharges that have the most sediment transport. To solve this problem, it is suggested to do sampling in small watersheds at shorter time intervals (several times a day or even hourly) so that high concentrations of sediments are collected at the same time as high flows and are included in the calculation of sediment yield.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Mazandaran province
  • Rainfall erosivity
  • Sediment delivery ratio
  • Soil erodibility
  • Soil loss
  • Specific sediment yield

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 20 اردیبهشت 1402
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 22 خرداد 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 30 شهریور 1402

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