رفتارسنجی ویژگی‌های ریخت‌شناسی و بُعد فراکتال آبخیز بر مؤلفه‌های رواناب و رسوب

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه یزد

2 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه یزد

3 استادیار، دانشکده ریاضی دانشگاه یزد

4 دانش‌آموخته دکتری علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

5 دکترای مهندسی آب، دانشگاه ارومیه

10.22092/wmrj.2023.362706.1546

چکیده

مقدمه و هدف
شناخت نقش و عامل‌های مؤثر بر فرسایش خاک زمینه‌ی مناسبی را برای مدیریت خوب و شناسایی مناطق فرسایش‌پذیر فراهم می‌کند. مدیریت آبخیز، یکی از حساس‌ترین و پیچیده‌ترین انواع مدیریت منابع و تولید است. بُعد فراکتالی، ابزار بررسی اندازه‌ی پیچیدگی میان داده‌ها و ساده‌سازی پدیده‌های پیچیده‌ی طبیعت است. با این ابزار می ‌توان رفتارسنجی و توان ویژگی‌های ریخت‌شناسی آبخیز را با ایجاد الگوهای فراکتالی بررسی کرد. از این ‌رو، در این پژوهش ارتباط و تعامل میان ویژگی‌های ریخت‌شناسی آبخیز و بُعد فراکتال در تولید رواناب و رسوب بررسی شد.
مواد و روش‌ها
در این پژوهش داده‌های لازم از آمار کشور در ایستگاه‌های آب‌سنجی و همدید آبخیز، دریافت شد. ویژگی‌های آبخیز، بر اساس نقشه‌های پایه تهیه شد. ویژگی‌های فراکتالی مطالعه‌شده با استفاده از روش شمارش جعبه‌ای در نرم‌افزار Fractalyse 2.4 محاسبه شد. با روش تحلیل عاملی 85 ویژگی مرتبط با آبخیز شناسایی شد. در این پژوهش برای انجام تحلیل‌های بیش‌تر، اندازه‌ی رواناب و رسوب سالانه با دوره‌های بازگشت گوناگون بررسی شد؛ بنابراین، پنج سناریوی مختلف بر اساس همگن بودن آبخیز، ویژگی‌های اقلیمی، ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و ریخت‌شناسی آبخیز، ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و اقلیمی به‌شکل هم‌زمان و ویژگی‌های فراکتالی آبخیز در نظر گرفته‌ شد. هم‌‌بستگی میان اندازه اندازه‌ی آ‌ب‌دهی و رسوب برآوردشده (با دوره‌های بازگشت گوناگون) و ویژگی‌های مختلف ریخت‌شناسی نیز انجام شد.
نتایج و بحث
نتایج روش تحلیل عاملی نشان داد که از میان 85 ویژگی آبخیز، 18 ویژگی مؤثر شامل مساحت، مساحت شیب 12-8 و 20-12%، مساحت جهت شیب شرق در نُه‌جهته، طول خطوط تراز 100 متری، طول کل آبراهه، زمان تمرکز با روش کرپیچ، اختلاف بلندی، فراکتال خطوط تراز 200 متری، انحراف از معیار رطوبت، اختلاف دما، میانگین شیب، شیب خالص آبراهه‌ی اصلی، میانگین دما، میانگین رطوبت، میانگین بارش، ضریب کشیدگی و فراکتال محیط آبخیز بودند. همچنین، ویژگی بُعد فراکتالی خطوط تراز 200 متری و بُعد فراکتالی محیط آبخیز، توانستند به‌شکل قابل‌توجهی اندازه‌ی تغییرات کلی آ‌ب‌دهی و رسوب را تبیین کنند. این یافته نقش ویژگی‌های فراکتالی در روابط آ‌ب‌دهی و رسوب را به‌خوبی بیان کرد.
نتیجه­ گیری و پیشنهادها
بر پایه‌ی نتایج این پژوهش مشخص شد تقریباً تمام عامل‌های مؤثر در برآورد آ‌ب‌دهی و رسوب در آبخیز‌های بزرگ، در مساحت و فراکتال محیط آبخیز خلاصه‌شده است و این دو ویژگی بیش‌ترین تغییرات آ‌ب‌دهی و رسوب را توجیه می‌کنند. از این ‌رو، با کاهش مساحت آبخیز‌ها نقش دیگر عامل‌ها از جمله جهت شیب، شیب خالص آبراهه و غیره در تبیین تغییرات بیشتر مشهود است و می‌توان گفت برای مهار کردن فرسایش و رواناب آبخیز‌ها، تقسیم آبخیز‌های بزرگ به آبخیز‌های کوچک‌تر، بهترین اقدام است. گام بعدی انجام اقدام­ های آبخیزداری در این زیرآبخیزهای کوچک است. کاهش مساحت آبخیزها در بیشتر روابط به‌تنهایی توانست تا 70% تغییرات رسوب را توجیه کند. پیشنهاد می‌شود که بهره‌وران و سودبران از یافته‌های این پژوهش در اجرای برنامه‌های توسعه و مدیریت آبخیزها استفاده کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Behavior Measurement of Morphological and Fractal Parameters of Watershed on Runoff and Sediment Components

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Talebi 1
  • Mohammad Malekshahi 2
  • Hossien Khorshidy 3
  • Mahin Kalehhouei 4
  • Sayyed Hadi Abtahi 5
1 Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
2 Graduated in Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
3 Assisstant Professor, Faculty of Mathematic, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
4 Former Ph.D. Student, Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University
5 Ph.D. in Water Sciences and Engineering, Urmia University
چکیده [English]

Introduction and Goal
Understanding the role and influencing factors of soil erosion is crucial for effective management and recognition of erodible land areas. Watershed management is one of the most sensitive and complex types of resource and production management. The fractal dimension can be used to examine the complexity of data and simplify complex natural phenomena. This tool enables generating fractal patterns to assess the morphological behavior and power of watersheds. This research focused on the connection and interplay between the morphological characteristics of the watershed and the fractal dimension in the creation of runoff and sediment.
Materials and Methods
In this research, the necessary data were obtained from the statistics of the country in the water measuring and observation stations of the watershed. The base maps were utilized to determine the watershed characteristics. The calculation of the fractal characteristics was done in Fractalyse 2.4 software by utilizing the box counting method. The factor analysis method was used to identify 85 features related to watershed. In this research, for further analysis, the size of annual runoff and sediment was investigated using different return periods. Therefore, 5 different scenarios were considered based on the homogeneity of the watershed, climatic characteristics, physical and morphological characteristics of the watershed, physical and climatic characteristics simultaneously, and fractal characteristics of the watershed. The correlation between estimated irrigation and sediment size (with different return periods) and different morphological features was also carried out.
Results and Discussion
The results of the factor analysis technique showed that among the 85 parameters related to the watershed, 18 are the effective parameters of the area, the slope area is 8-12 and 12-20%, the area of the east slope in 9 directions, the length of the 100-m level lines in the watershed, the total length of the stream , the concentration time base Kirpich method, elevation difference, fractal of 200-m level lines, deviation from the moisture standard, temperature difference, average slope, net slope of the main stream, average temperature, average moisture, average precipitation, elongation coefficient and fractal of the basin environment. Also, the fractal dimension of the 200-m horizontal lines and the fractal dimension of the watershed environment were able to significantly explain the overall changes in discharge and sedimentation. This finding explained well the role of fractal characteristics in the relationship between irrigation and sedimentation.
Conclusions and Suggestion
Based on the results of this research, it was found that almost all the effective factors in estimating discharge and sedimentation in large watersheds are summarized in the area and fractal of the watershed environment, and these two features justify the most changes in discharge and sedimentation. Therefore, with the reduction of the area of ​​watersheds, the role of other factors such as the direction of the slope, the net slope of the waterway, etc., is more evident in explaining the changes, and it can be said that dividing large watersheds into smaller watersheds is the best measure to control the erosion and runoff of watersheds. Implementing watershed management measures in these small sub-watersheds is the next step. The reduction of watershed area in most relationships is sufficient to justify up to 70% of sediment changes. This research findings should be utilized by users and beneficiaries to implement watershed development and management programs.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Erosion
  • fractal dimension
  • homogenous watersheds
  • runoff
  • self-similarity

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 11 تیر 1402
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 03 مرداد 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 30 شهریور 1402

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