شناسایی و پایش منابع گرد و غبار و ماسه‌های روان در مناطق جلفا، شوش‌قوم و گیلدیر استان آذربایجان شرقی

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار پژوهشی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع‌طبیعی استان آذربایجان شرقی، بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، تبریز، ایران

2 استادیار پژوهشی، مؤسسة تحقیقات جنگل‌ها و مراتع کشور، گروه تحقیقات تپه‌های شنی، تهران، ایران

10.22092/wmrj.2023.363055.1548

چکیده

مقدمه و هدف
گرد و غبار یکی از مسائل زیست‌محیطی است که بر کیفیت و آلودگی هوا، سلامت انسان، حاصل‌خیزی خاک، و بسیاری از جنبه‌های اجتماعی و زیست‌محیطی جامعه را تأثیرگذار است. فرسایش بادی و تحرک تپه‌های ماسه‌ای پیامدهای نامطلوب محیط‌زیستی به‌دنبال دارد. شناسایی عامل‌های مؤثر بر تحرک ماسه‌ها و پیش‌بینی وضعیت آن‌ها در آینده، برای مهار فرآیند فرسایش بادی ضروری است. هدف این پژوهش شناسایی و پایش منابع گرد و غبار و ماسه‌های روان در مناطق جلفا، شوش‌قوم و گیلدیر بود.
مواد و روش‌ها
تجزیه‌ و تحلیل دادة‌ اقلیمی باد، شناسایی منابع تولید ریزگرد، اندازه‌گیری و پایش تولید گرد و غبار و رسوبات بادی با استفاده از  شاخص RDD انجام شد. همچنین، اندازه‌گیری سرعت آستانه و شدت فرسایش بادی با استفاده از دستگاه تونل باد انجام‌ شد. برای ‏بررسی اثر تغییر اقلیم به‌ویژه باد در فعالیت ماسه‌ها و به‌منظور پیش‌بینی احتمال تحرک تپه‌های ماسه‌ای و ماسه‌زارها و گرد و غبار ناشی از آن‌ها از روش جهانی لنکستر استفاده شد. 
نتایج و بحث
نتایج شاخص لنکستر نشان داد 10% از سال‌های آماری (1996، 2000 و 2001) در وضعیت فعال بودند. در حالی ‌که، تحرک نداشتن تپه‌های ماسه‌ای (غیرفعال) از نظر شاخص لنکستر 26 % از سال‌های آماری را کسب کرد؛ در 65% از سال 2020، بیشترین تپه‌ها، تپه‌های ماسه‌ای بودند که وضعیت فعال یا تحرک ماسه‌ای داشتند. زمین‌های کانون ریزگرد جلفا عمدتاً از جنس زمین‌های واریزه‌های بادبزنی شکل سنگ‌ریزه‌دار و شیب‌دار است و زمین‌های کانون ریزگرد شوش‌قوم و گیلدیر عمدتاً ترکیبی از جنس کوه‌ها، دشت‌های دامنه‌ای و دشت‌های سیلابی است. نتایج آزمایش‌های تونل باد روی نمونه‌های خاک جمع‌آوری‌شده از سطح زمین‌های منطقة جلفا نشان داد که آستانة فرسایش خاک 8 متر بر ثانیه بود.
نتیجه‌گیری و پیشنهادها
بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش، دیم‌زارهای رهاشده، مراتع فقیر، بستر خشک رود‌ها و آبراهه‌های فصلی و غیره در شرایط فراهم بودن عامل‌های محیطی و همراه‌بودن عامل‌های نامساعد اقلیمی، از منابع بالقوة تولید گرد و غبار و ریزگرد هستند، ولی زمین‌های مزبور در استان آذربایجان‌شرقی به‌شکل پراکنده هستند و در شرایط و زمان‌های خاص می‌توانند در حجم قابل‌توجهی ریزگرد تولید کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Identification and Monitoring of Sources of Dust and Dunes in the Jolfa, ShoshQom and Gildir in the East Azarbaijan Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Houshang Behrawan 1
  • Jamshid Yarahmadi 1
  • Hamid Reza Abbasi 2
1 Assistant Professor, East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research, Tabriz, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Department of Sand Dunes Research, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction and Goal
Dust is one of the environmental issues that affect air quality and pollution, human health, soil fertility, and many social and environmental aspects of society. Wind erosion and sand dune movement have adverse environmental consequences. Identifying factors affecting sand mobility and predicting their condition in the future is necessary to control the wind erosion process. The purpose of this study is to identify and monitor the sources of dust and quicksand in the Jolfa, ShushQom and Gildir areas.
Materials and Methods
Analyzing wind climate data, identifying the sources of fine dust production, measuring and monitoring the production of dust and wind deposits were done using the RDD index. Also, the threshold speed and intensity of wind erosion were measured using a wind tunnel device. In order to investigate the effect of climate change, especially wind and rain, on the activity of sands and to predict the possibility of movement of sand dunes and sand dunes and the dust caused by them, Lancaster's global method was used.
Results and Discussion
The results of the Lancaster index showed that 10% of the statistical years were in an active state, which corresponded to the years 1996, 2000 and 2001. Whereas, the immobility of sand dunes (inactive) according to the Lancaster index has accounted for about 26% of the statistical years; 65% of the time in 2020, sand dunes were in an active or sand-moving state at the top of the dunes. The lands of the Jolfa micropollution center are mainly formed by the type of gravelly and sloping fan-shaped debris, and the soils of ShushQom and Gildir micropollution center are mainly a combination of mountains, hilly plains and flood plains. The results of wind tunnel tests on soil samples collected from the land surface of the Jolfa region showed that the erosion threshold of the collected sample is 8 m s-1.
Conclusions and Suggestions
According to the results of this research, abandoned rain fields, poor pastures, dry river beds and seasonal stream, etc., in the presence of environmental factors and accompanied by adverse climatic factors, are potential sources of dust and fine dust production, but the said lands in East Azarbaijan province are scattered and in certain conditions and times, they can produce a significant amount of fine dust.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Air quality and pollution
  • dust
  • human health
  • Lancaster method
  • RDD index

مراجع

Ahmady-Birgani H, Ravan P, Schlosser JS, Cuevas-Robles A, AzadiAghdam M, Sorooshian A. 2020. On the chemical nature of wet deposition over a major desiccated lake: Case study for Lake Urmia Basin. Atmospheric Research, 234(104762).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104762.
Abtahi SM, Khosroshahi M. 2005. The territory of the deserts of Isfahan province from the veiw point of climatology. Iranian Journal of Range and desert Research, 12(3): 249–262. (In Persian).
Alizade Govarchin Ghale Y, Altunkaynak A, Unal A. 2018. Investigation anthropogenic impacts and climate factors on drying up of Urmia Lake using water budget and drought analysis. Water Resources Management, 32(19): 325-337.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-017-1812-5.
An L, Che H, Xue M, Zhang T, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhang X. 2018. Temporal and spatial variations in sand and dust storm events in East Asia from 2007 to 2016: Relationships with surface conditions and climate change. Science of the Total Environment, 633: 452-462.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.068.
Ardon-Dryer K, Mock C, Reyes J, Lahav G. 2020. The effect of dust storm particles on single human lung cancer cells. Environmental Research, 181, 108891.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108891.
Baddock MC, Strong CL, Murray PS, McTainsh GH. 2013. Aeolian dust as a transport hazard. Atmospheric Environment, 71: 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.042‏.
Bali K, Mishra AK, Singh S, Chandra S, Lehahn Y. 2019. Impact of dust storm on phytoplankton bloom over the Arabian Sea: A case study during March 2012. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(0): 11940-11950.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04602-7.
Boroughani M, Hashemi H, Hosseini SH, Pourhashemi S, Berndtsson R. 2019. Desiccating Lake Urmia: A new dust source of regional importance. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 17(9): 1483-1487.‏ https://doi.org/ 10.1109/LGRS.2019.2949132.
Dar MA, Ahmed R, Latif M, Azam M. 2022. Climatology of dust storm frequency and its association with temperature and precipitation patterns over Pakistan. Natural Hazards, 110 (1): 655-677.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04962-9.
Delju AH, Ceylan A, Piguet E, Rebetez M. 2013. Observed climate variability and change in Urmia Lake Basin, Iran. Theoretical and applied climatology, 111: 285-296.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0651-9.
Ebrahimikhusfi Z, Khosroshahi M, Roustaei F, Mirakbari M. 2020. Spatial and seasonal variations of sand-dust events and their relation to atmospheric conditions and vegetation cover in semi-arid regions of central Iran. Geoderma, 365(2020):1-16.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114225.
Ensafimoghadam T. 2007. Evaluation of several climatic drought indicators and determination of the appropriate index in the Salt Lake basin. Iranian Journal of Range and desert Research, 14(2): 271–288. (In Persian).
Gahraman N, Bakhtiari B. 2009. Solar radiation Estimation from rainfall and temperature data in arid and semi-arid climates of Iran. Journal of Desert, 14(2): 141–150. (In Persian).
Goudie AS. 2019. Dust storms and human health. In extreme weather events and human health: international case studies. Cham: Springer International Publishing , pp. 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23773-8-2.
Hamzeh NH, Karami S, Opp C, Fattahi E, Jean-François V. 2021. Spatial and temporal variability in dust storms in the middle east, 2002–2018: Three case studies in July 2009. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(7): 1-14.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06859-0.
Hamzeh NH, Ranjbar Saadat Abadi A, Ooi MCG, Habibi M, Schöner W. 2022. Analyses of a lake dust source in the middle east through models performance. Remote Sensing, 14(9): 1-24.‏‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092145.
Hassanzadeh E, Zarghami M, Hassanzadeh Y. 2012. Determining the main factors in declining the Urmia Lake level by using system dynamics modeling. Water Resources Management, 26(1): 129-145.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9909-8.
Hoseini M, Khosroshahi M, Atapour A, Karami SA. 2006. Introduction and determination of characteristics Climatic and geological deserts in Tehran province. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 13(2): 102–108. (In Persian).
Indoitu R, Kozhoridze G, Batyrbaeva M, Vitkovskaya I, Orlovsky N, Blumberg D, Orlovsky L. 2015. Dust emission and environmental changes in the dried bottom of the Aral Sea. Aeolian Research, 17: 101-115.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.02.004.
Karami S, Hamzeh NH, Kaskaoutis DG, Rashki A, Alam K, Ranjbar A. 2021. Numerical simulations of dust storms originated from dried lakes in central and southwest Asia: The case of Aral Sea and Sistan Basin. Aeolian Research, 50(1): 100679.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2021.100679.
Khosravi H, Hanifehpour M, Biabani L, Akbarpoorbonab B. 2022. Monitoring and forecasting of climatic factors affecting the mobility of sand dunes using Lancaster index (Case study: Sirjan Desert). Journal of Arid Regions Geographical Studies, 13(48): 1–20. (In Persian).
Khosroshahi M, Kashki MT, Ensafimoghadam T. 2009. The territory of the climatological deserts of Iran. Iranian Journal of Range and desert Research, 16(1): 96–113. (In Persian).
Khusfi ZE, Khosroshahi M, Roustaei F, Mirakbari M. 2020. Spatial and seasonal variations of sand-dust events and their relation to atmospheric conditions and vegetation cover in semi-arid regions of central Iran. Geoderma, 365(2020):1-16.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114225.
Kochkarova S, Mambetullaeva S. 2020. Study of successional processes of vegetation cover on the dried seabed of the Aral Sea. Journal Research on the Lepidoptera, 51(1): 764–768. DOI:10.36872/LEPI/V51I1/301071.
Kok JF, Adebiyi AA, Albani S, Balkanski Y, Checa-Garcia R, Chin M, Wan JS. 2021. Contribution of the world's main dust source regions to the global cycle of desert dust. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 21(10): 1-25.‏ https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8169-2021.
Kutuzov S, Legrand M, Preunkert S, Ginot P, Mikhalenko V, Shukurov K, Toropov P. 2019. The elbrus (Caucasus, Russia) ice core record–Part 2: History of desert dust deposition. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19(22): 14133-14148.‏ https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14133-2019.
Labban AH, Butt MJ. 2021. Analysis of sand and dust storm events over Saudi Arabia in relation with meteorological parameters and ENSO. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(1): 1-12.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06291-w.
Li J, Garshick E, Huang S, Koutrakis P. 2021. Impacts of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on surface dust levels across the world during. Science of the Total Environment, pp.1982–2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144566.
Liu D, Abuduwaili J, Lei J, WuG. 2011. Deposition rate and chemical composition of the aeolian dust from a bare saline playa, Ebinur Lake, Xinjiang, China. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 218(1): 175-184.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0633-4.
Mardi AH, Khaghani A, MacDonald AB, Nguyen P, Karimi N, Heidary P, Sorooshian A. 2018. The Urmia Lake environmental disaster in Iran: A look at aerosol pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 633(0): 42-49.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.148.
Middleton N. 2019. Variability and trends in dust storm frequency on decadal timescales: Climatic drivers and human impacts. Geosciences, 9(6):  1-12.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9060261.
Middleton NJ. 2017. Desert dust hazards: A global review. Aeolian Research, 24(0): 53-63.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2016.12.001.
Miri A, Maleki S, Middleton N. 2021. An investigation into climatic and terrestrial drivers of dust storms in the Sistan region of Iran in the early twenty-first century. Science of the Total Environment, 757(0): 143952.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143952.
Mohamadkhan S. 2017. Investigating the status and trends of dust storms in Iran during the period of 1985-2005. Journal of Range and Watershed Management, 70(2): 495–514. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/jrwm.2017.123300.867.
Naeimi M, Zandifar S, Khosroshahi M, Ashouri P, Abbasi HR. 2021. Investigating the effects of climate change on the mobility of sand dunes (Case study: Sabzevar City). Journal of Desert Management, 9(2): 1–18. (In Persian). https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/jdmal.2021.246296.
Naji H, Taherpour M. 2019. The effect of simulated dust storm on wood development and leaf stomata in Quercus brantii L. Desert, 24(1): 43-49.‏  https://doi.org/10.22059/JDESERT.2019.72435.
Opp C, Groll M, Abbasi H, Foroushani MA. 2021. Causes and effects of sand and dust storms: What has past research taught us? A survey. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(7): 1-25.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14070326.
Opp C, Wagemann J, Banedjshafi S, Abbasi HR. 2017. Aral Sea Syndrome and Lake Urmia crisis. A Comparison of causes, effects and strategies for problem solutions. Geoparks and Geotourism in Iran. Schriften zur Internationalen Entwicklungs-und Umweltforschung. Edited by A. Dittmann. Gießen: Zentrum für Internationale Entwicklungs-und Umweltforschung, Universität Gießen, 34(0): 169-183.‏
Salehi S, Ardalan A, Ostadtaghizadeh A, Garmaroudi G, Zareiyan A, Rahimiforoushani A. 2019. Conceptual definition and framework of climate change and dust storm adaptation: A qualitative study. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 17(2): 797-810.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-019-00396-5.
Schepanski K. 2018. Transport of mineral dust and its impact on climate. Geosciences, 8(5): 1-19.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8050151.
Sharifi Paichoon M, Omidvar K, Miri Z. 2020. Morphological study of the sand dunes in Zarrin Erg and its adaptation to the regional wind data. Journal of Geographical Research on Desert Areas, 8(1): 1–27. (In Persian). 
Singer A, Zobeck T, Poberezsky L, Argaman E. 2003. The PM10 and PM2· 5 dust generation potential of soils/sediments in the Southern Aral Sea Basin, Uzbekistan. Journal of Arid Environments, 54(4): 705-728.‏ https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2002.1084.
Soudi M, Ahmadi H, Yasi M, Hamidi SA. 2017. Sustainable restoration of the Urmia Lake: History, threats, opportunities and challenges. European Water, 60(1): 341-347. Available online: https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov (accessed on 8 July 2022).
Tavakolifard A. 2012. Morphology of sand dunes and their relationship with wind regime (Case study: Kashan Erg). M.A. Dissertation. Faculty of Natural Resources. Kashan University, 101 p. (In Persian).
Yarahmadi D, Nasiri B, Khoshkish A, Nikbakht H. 2015. The effect of weather fluctuations on the occurrence of dust phenomenon (Case study, dust storms of West and South western of Iran). Journal of Desert Ecosystem Engineering, 3(5): 19-28. (In Persian).
Zandifar S, Ebrahimikhusfi Z, Khosroshahi M, Naeimi M. 2020. Analysis of the effect of climatic parameters and meteorological droughts on the variation of internal dust events( A case study: Qazvin City). Journal of Water and Soil Science, 24(3): 239–256. (In Persian).

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 10 مرداد 1402
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 12 مهر 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 30 آذر 1402

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار