شناسایی و اولویت بندی عامل‌های مؤثر بر نبود مشارکت پایدار جامعه‌های روستایی در طرح های آبخیزداری آبخیز سد سنا، استان بوشهر

Introduction and Goal
Numerous factors contribute to the lack of public participation in watershed management projects. Awareness of the factors inhibiting public participation in watershed management projects is the most fundamental step in realizing effective public participation and achieving the goals of comprehensive watershed management. In this regard, prioritizing indicators and sub-indicators that affect the lack of public participation is a fundamental step in the cycle of public watersheds management proper management of watersheds. Identifying and prioritizations factors is the key to adopting measures to eliminate barriers to stakeholder participation and maximize the participation of watershed residents. The comprehensive and efficient watershed management plans are implemented by the Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization and its affiliated general departments of natural resources and watershed management in various provinces of the country. This, along with reduce implementation costs, also guarantees the success and more effective implementation of projects. This research aimed to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the lack of sustainable participation of rural communities in watershed management plans in the Sana Dam watershed of Bushehr province based on the views of watershed residents and experts.
Materials and Methods
The research area was the Sana Dam watershed, part of the Shanbeh and Tasuj districts of Dashti County in Bushehr Province in the south of the country. In the watershed, after determining and classifying the indicators and sub-indicators affecting the lack of sustainable public participation in watershed management plans from the perspective of watershed residents, paired comparison questionnaires and Likert scale were used as measurement tools, and the validity of the questionnaires was confirmed based on the experts perspectives. After completing the analytic hierarchy process questionnaires by 34 experts, the indicators were prioritized using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. The sample unit was determined as a rural household, and the Cochran formula was used to calculate the sample size. Based on the number of households in this rural district (1321 households), 298 questionnaires were completed by the head of the household.
Results and Discussion
The results of the hierarchical analysis from the experts' perspective show that the relative priority in the lack of public participation in watershed management plans in the Sana Dam watershed was related to the sub-index of not educating watershed residents about the plans and their goals (mean rank 8.49), and the lowest relative priority was related to the sub-index of being late-paying watershed management plans (mean rank 4.06). From the perspective of local communities, the highest relative priority in the lack of public participation in watershed management projects in this watershed was related to the sub-index of not using local advocacy groups (mean rank 8.82) and the lowest relative priority was related to the sub-index of low literacy and awareness (mean rank 4.27).
Conclusion and Suggestions
In the Sana Dam watershed of Bushehr province, the results of the weights obtained from the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method for ranking the indicators affecting the lack of public participation from the perspective of experts indicate that the greatest role in the lack of participation of local communities in watershed management plans was related to the design-implementation, economic, social, and finally educational and promotional indicators, respectively. The results obtained from the Friedman test for ranking the indicators affecting the lack of public participation from the perspective of local communities were somewhat different from the rankings results from the perspective of experts. From the perspective of local communities, the greatest role in the lack of participation of these communities in watershed management plans in Bushehr province in the Sana Dam watershed was related to economic, educational and promotional, social, design-implementation, and social indicators respectively. According to the results of this research, it is suggested that holding training courses and classes with the aim of increasing the information and knowledge of local communities regarding watershed management projects shuld be priority. It is also suggested that the most trustee's local people (white-bearded and elderly people, educated people, members of the Islamic Council, and village teachers) be employed as local promoters for the residents of the region, along with public organizations (associations), to promote the goals of the projects and provide the basis for attracting public participation in the said projects. In addition, to provide conditions for the active participation of watershed residents in various stages of decision-making, design-implementation, and maintenance and restoration of watershed management plans, it is recommended to develop a description of new watershed management services based on the participation of local communities and other beneficiaries. Also, in order to employ local labor and villagers in implementing projects and create some kind of employment for them, it is suggested to sign concluding contracting contracts with the council or villagers, amending contractors' contracts, and regulating and including a clause on employing local residents in implementing projects.