نوع مقاله : پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکترا، گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
2 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
3 استاد، گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Given Iran's location in the dry belt of the world and the lack of a comprehensive and accurate assessment of water security in the country, the study of variability in this category as one of the important dimensions of national security to develop appropriate management models seems important and inevitable. The present study aims to investigate and evaluate the water security in the large watershed of Central Plateau due to its large size and high population in terms of eight important sub-indicators including per capita renewable water resources, the intensity of water use, water productivity, investment in water infrastructure, water quality, access to drinking water and water pollution management, green cover changes and changes in large water bodies were established and implemented over a 20-years with 5-year intervals (1996 to 2016). The calculated values for water security are 0.356, 0.330, 0.363, 0.291, and 0.291 respectively for 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016 and the average during the twenty years of research was 0.326 units. The results also show that per capita renewable water resources and index of water use have the greatest impact on water security based on the prioritization of factors affecting water security. It is necessary to establish sustainable management of water resources while taking into account political, social, and economic requirements and paying attention to the issue of water security by the executive and legislative bodies in order to promote national security to establish a proper balance in the use of water resources and water security and Consequently, national security will be improved.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Abtahi M, Saif A, 2014. Investigation of the last Quaternary climate from the geomorphic evidence in Namak Lake basin, Central Iran. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning. 5(3): 91–111. (In Persian).
Abtahi SM, Safe A. 2012. Precipitation and temperature trends in Namak Lake Basin (Iran) during the last half-century. International Journal of Science and Nature. 3(1): 137–146.
Arsanjani TJ, Javidan R, Nazemosadat MJ, Arsanjani JJ, Vaz E. 2015. Spatiotemporal monitoring of Bakhtegan Lake's areal fluctuations and an exploration of its future status by applying a cellular automata model. Computers & Geosciences. 78(1): 37–43.
Babel MS, Shinde VR, Sharma D, Dang NM. 2020. Measuring water security: A vital step for climate change adaptation. Environmental Research. 185(1): 1–12.
Bergier I, Assine ML, McGlue MM, Alho CJ, Silva A, Guerreiro RL, Carvalho JC. 2018. Amazon rainforest modulation of water security in the Pantanal wetland. Science of the Total Environment. 619(1):1116–1125.
Besbes M, Chahed J, Hamdane A. 2019. Water security, food security and the national water dependency. In National Water Security. Springer, Cham. pp. 219–255.
Boelens R, Seemann M. 2014. Forced engagements: Water security and local rights formalization in Yanque, Colca Valley, Peru. Human Organization. 73(1): 1–12.
Bogardi JJ, Dudgeon D, Lawford R, Flinkerbusch E, Meyn A, Pahl-Wostl C, Vielhauer K, Vörösmarty C. 2012. Water security for a planet under pressure: Interconnected challenges of a changing world call for sustainable solutions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 4(1): 35–43.
Carrera J, Arroyo V, Rojas F, Mejia A. 2018. Water security in Latin America: Tthe urban dimension. Empirical evidence and policy implications from 26 cities. In Global Water Security. Springer, Singapore. pp. 217–232
Dubey SK, Sharma D, Babel MS, Mundetia N. 2020. Application of hydrological model for assessment of water security using multi-model ensemble of CORDEX-South Asia experiments in a semi-arid river basin of India. Ecological Engineering. 143(1): 35–48.
Evans B, Hutton G, Haller L. 2017. Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at a global level. (No. WHO/SDE/WSH/04.04). Geneva: World Health Organization. 13(6): 642–658.
Falkenmark M, Lundqvist J. 1998. Towards water security: political determination and human adaptation crucial. Natural Resources Forum. 22(1): 37–51.
Falkenmark M, Lundqvist J, Widstrand C. 1989. Macro‐scale water scarcity requires micro‐scale approaches. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Natural Resources Forum. 13(4): 258–267.
Fischer G, Hizsnyik E, Tramberend S, Wiberg D. 2015. Towards indicators for water security-A global hydro-economic classification of water challenges. International Institute for Applied System Analysis. Interim Report IR-15-013, 24 p.
Frone DF, Frone S. 2015. The importance of water security for sustainable development in the romanian agri-food sector. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. 6(1): 674–681.
Gain AK, Giupponi C, Wada Y. 2016. Measuring global water security towards sustainable development goals. Environmental Research Letters. 11(12): 1–13.
Garfin GM, Scott CA, Wilder M, Varady RG, Merideth R. 2016. Metrics for assessing adaptive capacity and water security: common challenges. diverging contexts, emerging consensus. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 21(1): 86–89.
Global Water Partnership. GWP. 2000. Towards water security: A framework for action. GWP, Stockholm, 111 p.
Grey D, Garrick D, Blackmore D, Kelman J, Muller M, Sadoff C. 2013. Water security in one blue planet: Twenty-first century policy challenges for science. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 371(2002): 1–10.
Grey D, Sadoff CW. 2007. Sink or swim? Water security for growth and development. Water Policy. 9(6): 545–571.
Harmancioglu NB, Cetinkaya CP, Barbaros F. 2020. Sustainability issues in water management in the context of water security. Water Resources of Turkey. 6(1): 1867–1891.
Honarjoo N, Ziaei HR, Jalalian A. 2017. Investigation of changes in the level of Gavkhoni Wetland during the years 1335 to 1394 with the help of aerial photographs and satellite data. 15th Iranian Soil Science Congress, Isfahan, Iranian Soil Science Association, Isfahan University of Technology. (https://civilica.com/doc/729801) (In Persian).
Jajarmi K, Pishgahi Fard Z, Mahkuei H. 2013. Assessment of environmental threats to Iran's national security. Iranian Journal of Strategy. 22(67): 193–230. (In Persian).
Jiang Y. 2009. China's water scarcity. Journal of Environmental Management. 90(11): 3185–3196.
Jiang Y. 2015. China's water security: Current status, emerging challenges and future prospects. Environmental Science & Policy. 54(1): 106–125.
Jun X, Yongyong Z. 2008. Water security in north China and countermeasure to climate change and human activity. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 33(5): 359–363.
Kaviani Rad M, Sasanpour F, Nosrati HR. 2019. Analysis of the concept of water security from the perspective of political geography. Iranian Journal of Geopolitic. 15(53): 23–59. (In Persian).
Kisakye V, Van der Bruggen B. 2018. Effects of climate change on water savings and water security from rainwater harvesting systems. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 138(1): 49–63.
Kummu M, Varis O. 2011. A world by latitudes: A global analysis of human population, development level and environment across the north-south axis over the past half-century. Applied Geography. 31(2): 495–507.
Li XS, Peng ZY, Li TT. 2016. An evaluation index system of water security in China based on macroeconomic data from 2000 to 2012. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing. 39(1): 1–16.
Liu B, Zhang F, Qin X, Wu Z, Wang X, He Y. 2021. Spatiotemporal assessment of water security in China: An integrated supply-demand coupling model. Journal of Cleaner Production. 321(1): 73–88.
Lotfi H, Nami MH, Hasanpour J, Boheiraei H. 2011. Environmental security and national security policy. Iranian Journal of New Attitudes in Human Geography. 3(4): 121–144. (In Persian).
Lundqvist J, Appasamy P, Nelliyat P. 2003. Dimensions and approaches for Third World city water security. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 358(1440): 1985–1996.
Madani K. 2014. Water management in Iran: what is causing the looming crisis?. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences. 4(4): 315–328.
Malekian A, Hayati D, Aarts N. 2017. Conceptualizations of water security in the agricultural sector: Perceptions, practices, and paradigms. Journal of Hydrology. 544 (1): 224–232.
Management and Planning Organization. 2012. Instructions for classification and coding of catchments and study areas in the country. 127 p. (In Persian).
McNabb DE. 2019. Global pathways to water sustainability. Springer. 171 p.
Medeiros AS, Wood P, Wesche SD, Bakaic M, Peters JF. 2017. Water security for northern peoples: review of threats to Arctic freshwater systems in Nunavut, Canada. Regional Environmental Change. 17(3): 635–647.
Mianabadi H. 2012. Water, security and border rivers, National Conference on Border Cities and Security, Challenges and Approaches. Sistan and Baluchestan University. 2012(1): 2342–2360. (In Persian).
Mirabbasi R, Mazloumzadeh SM, Rahnama MB. 2008. Evaluation of irrigation water quality using fuzzy logic. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2(5): 340–352.
Mirnia SK, Mirabzade M, Keshavarz A. 1996. Development and environment. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development. 11(1): 107–118. (In Persian).
Mohammady M, Moradi HR, Zeinivand H, Temme A. 2015. A comparison of supervised, unsupervised and synthetic land use classification methods in the north of Iran. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 12(5): 1515–1526.
Moradi HR, Fazelpur MR, Sadeghi HR. 2011. Assessing land use changes in Ardakan Area using remote sensing. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning. 4(2): 77–86.
Moradi HR, Rajabi M, Faragzadeh M. 2011. Investigation of meteorological drought characteristics in Fars Province, Iran. Catena. 84(1–2): 35–46.
Moradi HR, Taghavi N, Bahramifar N. 2011. The effect of different uses on the quality of surface water resources, a case study of Siahrood Ghaemshahr Watershed. Environmental Erosion Research. 1(4): 21–31. (In Persian).
Qaderi Nasab F, Rahnama MB. 2019. Developing restoration strategies in Jazmurian Wetland by remote sensing. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology.17(5): 2767–2782.
Rahmani AR, Samadi MT, Heydari M. 2008. Water quality assessment of Hamadan-Bahar Plain Rivers using Wilcox diagram for irrigation. Agriculture Research. 8(1): 27–35. (In Persian).
Rasul G. 2014. Food, water, and energy security in South Asia: A nexus perspective from the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Environmental Science & Policy. 39(1): 35–48.
Rosegrant MW, Ringler C, Zhu T. 2009. Water for agriculture: maintaining food security under growing scarcity. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 34(1): 205–222.
Sadeghi SS, Naderi M. 2016. Analysis of the dimensions of government security in 21st century Iran. Iranian Journal of Government Research. 2(5): 165–202. (In Persian).
Schoeller H. 1955. Géochemie des eauxsouterraines. Rev Inst Fr Pétrol. 10(1): 230–244.
Schoeller H. 1967. Hydrodynamique dans le karst. Chronique d'Hydrogéologie. 10(1): 7–21.
Sheikh Z, Yazdani M, Moghaddam NA. 2019. Evaluation of spatio-temporal changes of flow duration curve seasonal indexes (FDCSI) in Four Decades in Namak Lake Basin. Iran-Water Resources Research. 15(2): 39–56.
Shiklomanov I. 2000. Appraisal and assessment of world water resources. Water International. 25(1): 11–32.
Srinivasan V, Konar M, Sivapalan M. 2017. A dynamic framework for water security. Water Security. 1(1): 12–20.
Tangestani MH, Beyranvand S, Tayyebi MH. 2013. Change detection of bakhtegan lake, Fars Province, during 1956–2007. Journal of Environmental Studies. 39(3): 43–44.
Taylor A. 2015. Large-scale land and acquisitions in Tanzania: A critical analysis of their implications on water security. Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia. 152 p.
Vörösmarty CJ, Stewart-Koster B, Green PA, Boone EL, Flörke M, Fischer G, ... & Stifel D. 2021. A green-gray path to global water security and sustainable infrastructure. Global Environmental Change. 70(1): 56–71.
Wilcox LV. 1955. Classification and use of irrigation waters. US Department of Agriculture. Cire. 969, Washington D.C. USA. 19 p.
Yang H, Reichert P, Abbaspour KC, Zehnder AJB. 2003. A water resources threshold and its implications for food security. Environmental Science & Technology. 37(14): 3048–3054.
Young SL, Frongillo EA, Jamaluddine Z, Melgar-Quiñonez H, Pérez-Escamilla R, Ringler C, Rosinger AY. 2021. Perspective: The importance of water security for ensuring food security, good nutrition, and well-being. Advances in Nutrition. 12(4): 1058–1073.
Zeitoun M. 2011. The global web of national water security. Global Policy. 2(3): 286–296.
Zeitoun M, Lankford B, Krueger T, Forsyth T, Carter R, Hoekstra AY, Swatuk L. 2016. Reductionist and integrative research approaches to complex water security policy challenges. Global Environmental Change. 39(1): 143–154.
)