ارزیابی کیفیت بوم‌شناختی آبخیز نیر، استان اردبیل

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده ی کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، پژوهشکده‌ی مدیریت آب، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده‌ی منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران

3 دانش‌آموخته ی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده ی کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

4 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده ی منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

5 دانش‌آموخته ی دکتری، کارشناس، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده ی کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

6 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی عمران و معماری، دانشگاه سلطان قابوس، مسقط، عمان

چکیده

مقدمه و هدف
کیفیت بوم‌شناختی یک واحد اندازه‌گیری جامع از عناصر، ساختار و عملکرد یک بوم‌سازگان در مقیاس‌های زمان و مکان است. هم‌چنین، ارزیابی کیفیت بوم‌شناختی می‌تواند در اولین گام برنامه‌ریزی هدف‌مند و مدیریت جامع آبخیز اطلاعات ارزشمندی برای استفاده‌ی کارشناسان و مدیران داشته باشد. به این ‌منظور، این پژوهش با هدف محاسبه‌ی شاخص کیفیت بوم‌شناختی (EQI) در یکی از آبخیزهای بالادست سد یامچی که بی‌تأثیر از دخالت‌های انسانی نیست، انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها
آبخیز نیر به‌عنوان منطقه‌ی مطالعاتی در بخش جنوب‌غرب استان اردبیل است. برای انجام پژوهش، ابتدا، متغیرهای مهم ارزیابی کیفیت بوم‌شناختی (شاخص بهنجار‌شده اختلاف پوشش گیاهی (NDVI)، نسبت پوشش گیاهی (FVC)، شاخص سطح برگ (LAI)، تولید خالص اولیه (NPP)، شاخص رطوبت (IM)، شاخص دمای سطح زمین (LST)، فرسایش خاک، شاخص‌ پیوستگی بوم‌شناختی و شاخص‌ نگهداشت رواناب) استخراج و محاسبه شدند. متغیرها به‌نحوی انتخاب شدند که نشان‌دهنده‌ی سه عملکرد حفظ، پشتیبانی و تنظیم بوم‌سازگان باشند. پس از نرمال‌سازی، با استفاده از رویکرد پیشرفته‌ی تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره به‌نام مدل تصور تعقیبی (PPM)، وزن‌دهی متغیرها انجام شد. در نهایت براساس مجموع وزنی متغیرها، شاخص کیفیت بوم‌شناختی (EQI) برای 11 زیرآبخیز محاسبه شد.
نتایج و بحث
دامنه‌ی تغییرپذیری بسیار زیاد متغیرهای استفاده شده در سطح کل آبخیز نیر تأیید شد. به‌طور کلی، زیرآبخیز 1 حداکثر میانگین متغیرهای اول تا چهارم (FVC، NDVI، NPP و LAI) و حداقل میانگین LST داشت. در حالی‌که زیرآبخیز 11 از نظر همین پنج متغیر وضعیت عکس داشت. هر پنج متغیر منعکس‌کننده‌ی ساختار و عملکرد پوشش گیاهی و در نتیجه کیفیت بوم‌شناختی هستند. وضعیت سایر شاخص‌ها به‌جز پیوستگی بوم‌شناختی (EC) نیز در زیرآبخیز 1 در وضعیت متوسط ارزیابی شدند. براساس روش وزن‌دهی PPM، شاخص نسبت پوشش گیاهی (0/39) بیشترین اهمیت و شاخص‌های‌ رطوبت و نگهداشت رواناب با وزن 0/01 کم‌ترین اهمیت را داشتند. هم‌چنین، نتایج ارزیابی کیفیت بوم‌شناختی نشان داد که زیرآبخیزهای 11 (0/10=EQI) و 1 (0/90=EQI) به‌ترتیب کم‌ترین و بیش‌ترین اندازه‌ی EQI را داشتند. به‌طور کلی، با توجه به نتایج پهنه‌بندی مشخص شد که قسمت‌های جنوب‌شرق و شمال‌شرق آبخیز در طبقه‌ی بسیار کم شاخص کیفیت بوم‌شناختی (EQI) هستند که 29 % آبخیز مطالعه شده را تشکیل می‌دهند.
نتیجه‌گیری و پیشنهادها
نتایج این پژوهش به‌عنوان یکی از هدف‌های اصلی و مهم مدیریت آبخیز در راستای حفظ سلامت و یکپارچگی بوم‌سازگان می‌تواند کاربرد داشته باشد. هم‌چنین، می‌توان اولویت‌بندی تخصیص بودجه‌ی احیاء را براساس درجه‌ی تاب‌آوری زیرآبخیز‌های مطالعه شده انجام داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessment of Ecological Quality in the Nir Watershed, Ardabil Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zeinab Hazbavi 1
  • Elnaz Ghabelnezam 2
  • Elham Azizi 3
  • Zahra Sharifi 4
  • Solmaz Fathololoumi 5
  • Mohammad Reza Nikoo 6
1 Associate Professor, Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Water Management Research Center, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2 Ph.D. Student, Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
3 Former M.Sc. Student, Department of Natural Resources Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
4 Ph.D. Student, Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
5 Former Ph.D. Student, Expert, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
6 Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
چکیده [English]

Introduction and Objective
Ecological quality is an inclusive measurement unit of the elements, configuration, and performance of an ecosystem in the temporal and spatial scales. In addition, assessing ecological quality could provide valuable information for experts and managers in the first step of directed planning and comprehensive watershed management. Therefore, the current research was conducted to calculate the ecological quality index (EQI) in one of the upland watersheds of Yamchi Dam, which is not without the effect of human interference.
Materials and Methods
Nir Watershed as a study area is located in the southwestern part of Ardabil Province. To carry out the current research, first, the essential variables of ecological quality assessment (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), fractional vegetation coverage (FVC), leaf area index (LAI), net primary production (NPP), moisture index (IM), land surface temperature (LST), soil erosion, ecological integrity index, and runoff retention index) were collected and calculated. The variables were chosen to represent the three functions of ecosystems maintaining, supporting, and regulating. After standardization, weighting of the variables was done using the advanced multi-criteria, i.e., Projection Pursuit Model (PPM). Afterward, the EQI was calculated based on the sum weight of all variables for 11 sub-watersheds of Nir.
Results and Discussion
The wide range of variability of the variables used in the entire Nir Watershed area was confirmed. In general, sub-watershed 1 had the maximum mean of the first to fourth variables (FVC, NDVI, NPP, and LAI) and the minimum mean LST. While sub-watershed 11 had the opposite situation in terms of these five variables. All five variables reflect the structure and function of vegetation and therefore the ecological quality. The status of other indicators except ecological continuity (EC) was also evaluated in sub-watershed 1 in a medium status. Based on the PPM weighting method, the FVC (0.39) has the highest importance, and moisture and runoff retention indices with an equal weight of 0.01 have been assigned the least priority. In addition, the ecological quality results showed that watersheds 11 (0.10) and 1 (0.90) respectively have the lowest and highest levels of EQI. In general, according to the zoning resultd, it was found that the northeastern and southeastern parts of the watershed have the lowest EQI which covered 29% of the area.
Conclusion and Suggestions
The results can be used as one of the main goals of managing watersheds regarding preserving the ecosystem's health and integrity. Moreover, the priority of rehabilitation budget allocation can be assigned according to the resilience degrees of studied sub-watersheds.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Ecosystem resilience
  • index-based assessment
  • resource management
  • projection pursuit model

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 29 مهر 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 28 آبان 1401
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 30 آذر 1401

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