بررسی ویژگی‌های ریخت‌شناسی آبکندهای استان خوزستان

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع‌طبیعی ایلام، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ایلام، ایران

2 دانش‌آموخته‌ی دکتری علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری، دانشکده ی منابع‌طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

3 عضو هیأت علمی پژوهشکده‌ی حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری (بازنشسته). تهران، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه و هدف
امروزه نابودی منابع‌طبیعی یکی از مهم‌ترین و جدی‌ترین چالش‌های فرا راه برنامه‌های توسعه است. فرسایش خاک یکی از فرآیندهایی است که منابع خاک و آب کشور ما را به‌صورت مستقیم و غیرمستقیم شدیداً تهدید می‌کند. فرسایش آبی با شکل‌های مختلفی روی زمین نمایان می‌شود که یکی از شکل‌های پیشرفته آن آبکندها است. فرسایش آبکندی از فرآیندهای مهم نابودی خاک است که در اقلیم‌های مختلف سبب ازبین‌رفتن قابل‌ملاحظه‌ی خاک و تولید رسوب فراوان می‌شود. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی ویژگی‌های ریخت‌شناسی آبکندهای استان خوزستان و نقش عامل‌های تأثیرگذار آن بر گسترش مناطق آبکندی است.
مواد و روش‌ها
نخست، با جمع‌آوری داده‌های موجود و انطباق آن‌ها با داده‌های تصویرهای ماهواره‌ای و سایر داده‌ها، مناطق آبکندی استان رسم شد. بازدید اولیه‌ی میدانی برای صحت‌ و سقم این مناطق و تصحیح مرزهای آبکندی انجام شد. از کل مساحت استان خوزستان 6350179 هکتار در اقلیم خشک بیابانی و بیش از 33862 هکتار آن تحت تأثیر فرسایش آبکندی است. اقلیم گرم نیمه‌خشک نیز حدود 12/1% استان را فرا گرفته است و 16116 هکتار آن تحت تأثیر فرسایش آبکندی است. پس از تعیین مساحت آبکندها و تفکیک مساحت‌های بیشتر و کم‌تر از 500 هکتار، به‌دلیل اختلاف در شکل ظاهری، پستی‌بلندی و پوشش‌گیاهی، از اقلیم گرم و خشک بیابانی و گرم و نیمه‌خشک به‌ترتیب دو و یک منطقه معرف و از هر معرف دو تکرار انتخاب شد. نیم‌رخ‌های عرضی و طولی آبکندهای معرف و تکرار، رسم شد و پس از نمونه‌برداری خاک، کلیه ویژگی‌های شکل‌شناسی آبکندها اندازه‌گیری شد.
نتایج و بحث
براساس نتایج، آبکندهای استان بیشتر در دشت‌های با شیب کم با خاک عمیق و بافت شنی لومی، سیلت و یا سیلت لومی با زمین‌های مرتعی و گاهی زراعی و سطح مقطع U شکل به وجود آمده است. آبکندهای درخزینه و روستای شریف، با اندازه‌های 1260 و 912 سانتی‌متر و آبکند درخزینه با اندازه‌ی 420 سانتی‌متر بیش‌ترین عرض بالا و پایین را داشتند و عمق در مقطع طولی 75% بود. هم‌چنین آبکندهای چغازنبیل، درخزینه و چغازنبیل با اندازه‌های 30 سانتی‌متر کم‌ترین عمق و عرض بالا و پایین را داشتند و عمق در مقطع طولی 75% بود. نیم‌رخ عمومی پنجه‌ای و از نظر عمقی در رده‌ی آبکندهای با عمق متوسط و رأس عمودی بودند.
نتیجه ­گیری و پیشنهادها
می‌توان نتیجه گرفت ویژگی‌های ذاتی خاک، سازند و جنس زمین‌شناسی، اقلیم، شدت بارندگی به‌عنوان عامل‌های طبیعی و نابودی پوشش‌گیاهی، تغییر کاربری زمین‌ها و نبودن مدیریت صحیح، عملیات غیراصولی جاده و پل‌سازی، احداث و نصب تأسیسات نفتی و حتی تیرهای برق به‌عنوان عامل‌های انسانی در روند گسترش آبکندها نقش دارند؛ اما تنوع و تغییر تعداد و اندازه‌ی تأثیر عامل‌های مختلف از نقطه‌ای به نقطه دیگر و متفاوت‌بودن سهم مشارکت آن‌ها در شکل‌گیری و گسترش خندق‌ها در تبعیت از شرایط زمین‌محیطی است. این شرایط ایجاب می‌کند که پژوهش‌های بیشتری برای شناسایی هر چه بهتر عامل‌های مؤثر در رخداد فرسایش خندقی و اندازه‌ی مشارکت آن‌ها در شکل‌گیری و گسترش این پدیده در نقاط مختلف و با شرایط زمین‌محیطی متفاوت اجرا شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Study of the Morphological Characteristics of Gullies in Khuzestan Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Freidoon Soleimani 1
  • Mahin Kalehhouei 2
  • Dadvar Lotfollazadeh 3
1 Assistant Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, Ilam Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ilam, Iran
2 Former Ph.D. Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University
3 Scientific Member of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (Retired), Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction and Objective
Today, the destruction of natural resources is one of the most important and serious challenges facing development programs. Soil erosion is among the processes that directly and indirectly threaten our country's soil and water resources. Water erosion appears on the earth in different forms, one of the advanced forms of which is the gulies. Gully erosion is one of the important processes of soil destruction, which in different climates causes significant soil losses and the production of large amounts of sediment. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the morphological characteristics of the gullies of Khuzestan province and the role of its influencing factors in the expansion of the gully areas.
Materials and Methods
 First, by collecting available data and comparing it to satellite image and other data, the province's gullies have been defined. The first field visit focused on verifying the integrity of these areas and correcting the gullies boundaries. The total area of Khuzestan province approximately is 64000 km2 in the dry desert climate, and more than 33,862 ha of it is under the influence of gully erosion. The hot semi-arid climate also covers approximately 12,1% of the province and 16,116 ha have experienced gullies erosion. After determining the area of gullies and dividing the areas above and below 500 ha, due to the difference in appearance, topography, and vegetation, 2 and 1 representative areas were selected from the hot-dry desert and hot-semi-arid climates, respectively, and 2 replicates were selected from each representative. Longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles of representative and replicated gullies were drawn and after soil sampling, all morphological features of the gullies were measured.
Results and Discussion
According to the results, most of the gullies of the province have been created in the plains with a low slope with deep soil and loamy sand texture, silt or silt loam with pasture, and sometimes agricultural land and U-shaped cross-section. Darkhazine and Sharif gullies, with 1260 and 912 cm, and Darkhazine gullies with 420 cm value have the maximum width of top, bottom and depth in the cross-section of 75%. Also, the gullies of Choghazanbil, Darkhazine and Choghazanbil with values of 30 cm have the lowest depth, top and bottom width in the cross-section area of 75%. The overall profile is scratched, and in terms of depth class, they are in the category of medium-deep gullies with a vertical top.
Conclusion and Suggestions
Intrinsic characteristics of soil, formation and geological type, climate, intensity of rainfall as natural factors, and destruction of vegetation, land use change and the lack of proper management, unprincipled road and bridge construction operations, construction and installation of oil facilities and electricity bars as human factors have played a role in the process of gully expansion. However, the diversity and change of the number and degree of influence of different factors from one point to another and the difference in their participation in the formation and expansion of the gully are based on the environmental conditions of the land. These conditions require that more research be carried out to identify as many factors as possible in the phenomenon of gully erosion and their participation in the formation and expansion of this phenomenon in different places and with different environmental conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • ChoghaZanbil
  • general profile
  • land use
  • morphoclimatic
  • soil erosion
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